Skip to main content
Log in

Everyday mysticism: Spiritual development in later adulthood

  • Published:
Journal of Adult Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Most cultures contain a belief that aging, with its long span of life experience, can lead to spiritual growth or development. Theories of spiritual development have focused primarily on stages of spiritual growth, with less attention to its relation to the cultural life course. This paper posits that contemplative, mystical experience is the primary psychological dynamic that enables the qualitative change in life perspective that we associate with spiritual growth. While theoretically possible at any adult age, this shift in perspective is correlated with physical and psychological aging, with the relaxation of social demands that typifies the life stages of later adulthood, and with the simple, close-to-home lives led by many individuals after age 75.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbaum, W. A. & Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho-gerontological interpretation of the Book of Job.International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 21–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C. N., Davies, J. L., Dixon, C. A., Dillbeck, M. C., Druker, S. M., Oetzel, R. M., Muehlman, J. M., & Orme-Johnson, D. W. (1990). Growth of higher stages of consciousness: Maharishi's Vedic psychology of human developmient. In C. N. Alexander & E. Langer (Eds.),Higher stages of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C. (1993). Spiritual development and wisdom: A vedantic perspective. In R. Kastenbaum (Ed.),Encyclopedia of adult development. Phoenix, AZ: Oryz Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C. (1995). Continuity theory. In G. L. Maddox, R. C. Atchley, J. G. Evans, C. E. Finch, D. F. Hultsch, R. A. Kane, M. D. Mezey, & I. C. Siegler (Eds.),Encyclopedia of aging, (2d ed.) New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C. (1996). Mystical experience and aging: Diverse pathways and experience.Aging and Spirituality, 8, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C. (1997).Social forces and aging (8th ed.). Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balsekar, R. S. (1982).Pointers from Nisargadatta Maharaj. Durham, NC: Acorn Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. (1993). The aging mind: Potential and limits.The Gerontologist, 33, 580–594.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, E. C. (1992).Aging as a spiritual journey. New York: Crossroad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, E. C. (1994).Elder wisdom: Crafting your own elderhood. New York: Crossroad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinton, H. H. (1972).Quaker journals: Varieties of religious experience among Friends. Philadelphia: Pendle Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M., & Anderson, B. (1967).Culture and aging. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, T. (1991a).Tao Te Ching. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, T. (1991b).The secret of the golden flower. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, T. R. (1992).The journey of life. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. (Ed.) (1982).Seeds of consciousness: The wisdom of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj. New York: Grove Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. (Ed.) (1985).Prior to consciousness: Talks with Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj. Durham, NC: Acorn Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. (Ed.) (1994).Consciousness and the absolute: The final talks of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj. Durham, NC: Acorn Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. W., & Coward, R. T. (Eds.) (1992).Gender, families, and long-term care. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1963).Childhood and society. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. S., & Kivnick, H. Q. (1986).Vital involvement in old age. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, D. H. (1978).Growing old in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. W. (1981).Stages of faith. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. W. (1991).Weaving the new creation: Stages of faith and the public church. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frydman, M. (Ed.) (1973).I am that: Conversations with Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj. Bombay, India: Chetana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.The American Psychologist, 35, 603–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagestad, G. O. (1990). Social perspectives on the life course. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.),Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hixon, L. (Ed.) (1978).Coming home: The experience of enlightenment in sacred traditions. New York: Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, A. (1944).The perennial philosophy. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994).Wherever you go there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. R. (1993).Activity and aging. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (1994).Aging and God. New York: Haworth Pastoral Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogan, N. (1990). Personality and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (eds.),Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, M. (1991).No stone unturned. New York: Ballantine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R., Zuzanek, J., & Mannell, R. (1985). Being alone versus being with people: Disengagement in the daily experience of older adults.Journal of Gerontology, 40, 375–381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. S. (1993). Age differences in mystical experience.The Gerontologist, 33, 507–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. S. (Ed.) (1994).Religion in aging and health. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, D. J. (1990). A theory of life structure development in adulthood. In C. N. Alexander & E. Langer (Eds.),Higher stages of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loevinger, J. (1976).Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maehr, M. L., & Kleiber, D. A. (1981). The graying of achievement motivation.The American Psychologist, 36, 787–793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mannell, R. C. (1993). High investment activity and life satisfaction among older adults: Committed, serious leisure, and flow activities. In J. R. Kelly (Ed.),Activity and aging. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, M., & Tshudin, V. (1990).Seeing the invisible: Modern religious and other transcendent experiences. London: Arkana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, H. R. (1995). Mysticism. In M. A. Kimble, S. H. McFadden, J. W. Ellor, & J. J. Seeber (Eds.),Aging, spirituality and religion: A handbook. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, H. R., & Cole, T. R. (1986). Aging and meaning: A bibliographical essay. In T. R. Cole & S. Gadow (Eds.),What does it mean to grow old? Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmer, P. A. (1993). The meaning of religion and spirituality to elders: A qualitative study. Master of Gerontological Studies Thesis. Oxford, OH: Miami University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, B. P., & McFadden, S. H. (1994). From loneliness to solitude: Religious and spiritual journeys in late life. In L. E. Thomas and S. H. Eisenhandler (Eds.),Aging and the religious dimension. Westport, CT: Auburn House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Leone, J. (1990). Reflections on life-span intelligence, consciousness, and ego development. In C. N. Alexander & E. Langer (Eds.),Higher stages of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacock, J., & Paloma, M. M. (1991). Religlosity and life satisfaction across the life course. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Pittsburgh, PA.

  • Piaget, J. (1954).The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R. (Ed.) (1987).The nectar of the Lord's feet: Final teachings of Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj. Longmead, England: Element Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R. (Ed.) (1995).The ultimate medicine. San Diego, CA: Blue Dove Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R. (Ed.) (1996).The experience of nothingness. San Diego, CA: Blue Dove Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan, S. (1989).Indian philosophy. London: Unwin Hyman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahner, K. (1984). Everyday mysticism. In K. Lehmann & A. Reffelt (Eds.),The practice of faith: A handbook of contemporary spirituality. New York: Crossroad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riegel, K. F. (1976). The dialectics of human development.The American Psychologist, 31, 689–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Row, G. K. D. (no date).Sadguru Nisargadatta Maharaj: Life and teachings. Bangalore, India: Narendra Memorial Committee.

  • Salthouse, T. J. (1982).Adult cognition: An experimental psychology of human aging. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schacter-Shalomi, Z. (1995).From age-ing to sage-ing. Los Angeles: Time Warner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W. (1996). Intellectual development in adulthood. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.),Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Settersten, R. A., & Hagestad, G. O. (1996). What's the latest? Cultural deadlines for family transitions.The Gerontologist, 36, 178–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnott, J. (1996). Postformal thought and mysticism: How might the mind know the unknowable?Aging and Spirituality, 8, 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thibault, J. M. (1996). Aging as a natural monastery.Aging and Spirituality, 8, 3 and 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thich Nhat Hanh (1987a).Being peace. Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thich Nhat Hanh (1987b).The miracle of mindfulness: A manual on meditation. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. E. (1994). The way of the religious renouncer: Power through nothingness. In L. E. Thomas & S. A. Eisenhandler (Eds.),Aging and the religious dimension. Westport, CT: Auburn House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. E., & Eisenhandler, S. A. (Eds.) (1994).Aging and the religious dimension. Westport, CT: Auburn House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, S. S. (1991).Personhood in advanced old age. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tornstam, L. (1994). Gero-transcendence: A theoretical and empirical exploration. In L. E. Thomas & S. A. Eisenhandler (Eds.),Aging and the religious dimension. Westport, CT: Auburn House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, A. W. (1957).The Way of Zen. New York: Vintage Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitbourne, S. K. (1986).The me I know: A study of adult identity. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. (1995).The experience of enlightenment. New York: Paragon House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, K. (1996).Eye to eye: The quest for a new paradigm (3d ed.). Boston: Shambala.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Atchley, R.C. Everyday mysticism: Spiritual development in later adulthood. J Adult Dev 4, 123–134 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02510085

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02510085

Key Words

Navigation