A theory for the origin of a self-replicating chemical system. I: Natural selection of the autogen from short, random oligomers

Summary

A theory is described for the origin of a simple chemical system named an autogen, consisting of two short oligonucleotide sequences coding for two simple catalytic peptides. If the theory is valid, under appropriate conditions the autogen would be capable of self-reproduction in a truly genetic process involving both replication and translation. Limited catalytic ability, short oligomer sequences, and low selectivities leading to sloppy information transfer processes are shown to be adequate for the origin of the autogen from random background oligomers. A series of discrete steps, each highly probable if certain minimum requirements and boundary conditions are satisfied, lead to exponential increase in population of all components in the system due to autocatalysis and hypercyclic organization. Nucleation of the components and exponential increase to macroscopic amounts could occur in times on the order of weeks. The feasibility of the theory depends on a number of factors, including the capability of simple protoenzymes to provide moderate enhancements of the accuracies of replication and translation and the likelihood of finding an environment where all of the required processes can occur simultaneously. Regardless of whether or not the specific form proposed for the autogen proves to be feasible, the theory suggests that the first self-replicating chemical systems may have been extremely simple, and that the period of time required for chemical evolution prior to Darwinian natural selection may have been far shorter than generally assumed. Due to the short time required, this theory, unlike others on the origin of genetic processes, is potentially capable of direct experimental verification. A number of prerequisites leading up to such an experiment are suggested, and some have been fulfilled. If successful, such an experiment would be the first laboratory demonstration of the spontaneous emergence by natural selection of a genetic, self-replicating, and evolving molecular system, and might represent the first step in the prebiotic environment of true Darwinian evolution toward a living cell.