Abstract
We use a driving field, of the type first suggested by Evans, to generate a steady heat current in the simplest possible system, a two-dimensional periodic “fluid” of three hard disks. Hard-disk motion equations can be conveniently derived from repulsive constant-force or linear-force potentials by considering the infinitely repulsive limit of these potentials. We show that the isoenergetic and isokinetic forms of the nonequilibrium equations of motion generate steady-state heat conductivities differing by terms of order 1/N, whereN is the number of particles. The resulting conductivities appear to vary as the logarithm of the driving field strength. Even at low fields, the three-body periodic-system results lie well below Enskog's infinite-system prediction.
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Hoover, W.G., Kratky, K.W. Heat conductivity of three periodic Hard Disks via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. J Stat Phys 42, 1103–1114 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01010464
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01010464