References
Bach, E.: 1981, ‘Discontinuous Constituents in Generalized Categorial Grammar’,Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the New England Linguistic Society, pp. 1–12.
Bar-Hillel, Y., M. Perles, and E. Shamir: 1961, ‘On Formal Properties of Simple Phrase Structure Grammars’,Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 14, 143–172.
Berwick, R. and A. Weinberg: 1982, ‘Parsing Efficiency, Computational Complexity, and the Evaluation of Grammatical Theories’,Linguistic Inquiry 13, 165–91.
Bloch, B.: 1946, ‘Studies in Colloquial Japanese II: Syntax’,Language 12, 200–48.
Bloomfield, L.: 1914,An Introduction to the Study of Language, Henry Holt and Co., New York.
Bloomfield, L.: 1933,Language, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York.
Bloomfield, L.: 1962, The Menomini Language, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Bresnan, J., R. M. Kaplan, S. Peters, and A. Zaenen: 1982, ‘Cross-serial Dependencies in Dutch’,Linguistic Inquiry 13, 613–35.
Chomsky, N.: 1956, ‘Three Models for the Description of Language’,IRE Transactions on Information Theory,IT-2, 113–24. Reprinted 1965, in R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, and E. Galanter (eds.), Readings in Mathematical Psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 105–24, John Wiley, New York.
Chomsky, N.: 1957,Syntactic Structures, Mouton, The Hague.
Chomsky, N.: 1959, ‘On Certain Formal Properties of Grammars’,Information and Control 1, 91–112. Reprinted 1965, in R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, and E. Galanter (eds.), Readings in Mathematical Psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 124–55, John Wiley, New York.
Chomsky, N.: 1961, ‘On the Notion “Rule of Grammar”’, in R. Jakobson (ed.),Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, vol. XII:Structure of Language and its Mathematical Aspects, pp. 6–24, American Mathematical Society, Providence.
Chomsky, N.: 1962a, ‘The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory’, inPreprints of Papers for the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, August 27–31, 1962, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 509–74, [Massachusetts Institute of Technology?], Cambridge, MA.
Chomsky, N.: 1962b, ‘A Transformational Approach to Syntax’, in [A. A. Hill, (ed.)]Third Texas Conference on Problems of Linguistic Analysis in English, May 9–12, 1958, pp. 124–158, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Chomsky, N.: 1963, ‘Formal Properties of Grammars’, in R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, and E. Galanter (eds.),Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 323–418, John Wiley, New York.
Chomsky, N.: 1964, ‘The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory’, in H. G. Lunt (ed.),Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, Cambridge, Mass., August 27–31, 1962, pp. 914–978, Mouton, The Hague.
Chomsky, N.: 1965,Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Chomsky, N.: 1966,Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar, Mouton, The Hague.
Chomsky, N.: 1970, ‘Remarks on Nominalization’, in R. Jacobs and P. Rosenbaum (eds.),Readings in English Transformational Grammar, pp. 184–221, Ginn, Waltham, MA.
Chomsky, N. and G. A. Miller: 1963, ‘Introduction to the Formal Analysis of Natural Languages’, in R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, and E. Galanter (eds.),Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 269–322, John Wiley, New York.
Gazdar, G.: 1981, ‘Unbounded Dependencies and Coordinate Structure’,Linguistic Inquiry 12, 155–84.
Gazdar, G.: 1982, ‘Phrase Structure Grammar’, in P. Jacobson and G. K. Pullum (eds.),The Nature of Syntactic Represesentation, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Gazdar, G.: 1985, ‘Applicability of Indexed Grammars to Natural Languages’, CSLI Report 85-34, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Gazdar, G., and G. K. Pullum: 1982,GPSG: A Theoretical Synopsis, Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington, IN.
Gazdar, G. and G. K. Pullum: 1985, ‘Computationally Relevant Properties of Natural Languages and Their Grammars’,New Generation Computing 3, 273–306.
Gazdar, G., and I. A. Sag: 1980, ‘Passives and Reflexives in Phrase Structure Grammar’, in J. A. G. Groenendijk, T. Janssen, and M. Stokhof (eds.),Formal Methods in the Study of Language, Mathematical Center Tracts 135, pp. 131–52, Mathematisch Centrum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Gazdar, G., E. Klein, G. K. Pullum, and I. A. Sag: 1985,Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Harman, G. H.: 1963, ‘Generative Grammars without Transformation Rules: A Defense of Phrase Structure’,Language 39, 597–616.
Harman, G. H.: 1966, ‘The Adequacy of Context-Free Phrase-Structure Grammars’,Word 22, 276–293.
Harris, Z. S.: 1945, ‘Discontinuous Morphemes’,Languages 21, 121–27.
Harris, Z. S.: 1946, ‘From Morpheme to Utterance’,Language 22, 161–83.
Harris, Z. S.: 1951,Methods in Structural Linguistics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Harris, Z. S.: 1962,String Analysis, Mouton, The Hague.
Harrison, M. A.: 1978,Introduction to Formal Language Theory, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Hockett, C. F.: 1954, ‘Two Models of Grammatical Description’,Word 10, 210–31.
Hockett, C. F.: 1958,A Course in Modern Linguistics, Macmillan, New York.
Hockett, C. F.: 1961, ‘Grammar for the Hearer’. in R. Jakobson (ed.),Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, vol. XII:Structure of Language and its Mathematical Aspects, pp. 220–236, American Mathematical Society, Providence.
Hopcroft, J. E. and J. D. Ullman: 1979,Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Huck, G. J. and A. E. Ojeda (eds.): 1987,Discontinuous Constituency [=Syntax and Semantics,20, Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Hudson, R. A.: 1976,Arguments for a Non transformational Grammar, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hudson, R. A.: 1984,Word Grammar, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Joshi, A. K.: 1983, ‘How Much Context-Sensitivity is Required to Provide Reasonable Structural Descriptions: Tree-Adjoining Grammars’, in D. Dowry, L. Karttunen, and A. Zwicky (eds.),Natural Language Parsing: Psycholinguistic, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives, pp. 190–204, Cambridge University Press.
Kac, M. B.: 1985a,Grammars and Grammaticality, unpublished ms., University of Minnesota.
Kac, M. B.: 1985b, ‘Constraints on Predicate Coordination’, Indiana University of Linguistics Club, Bloomington.
Kleene, S. C.: 1956, ‘Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata’,Automata Studies, pp. 3–42, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Lamb, S. M.: 1962,Outline of Stratificational Grammar, University of California, Berkeley.
Manaster-Ramer, A.: 1978, ‘The Position of the Verb in Dutch and German’,Papers from the Fourteenth Regional Meeting, pp. 254–63, Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago.
Manaster-Ramer, A.: 1987, ‘Dutch as a Formal Language’,Linguistics and Philosophy.
McCawley, J. D.: 1968, ‘Concerning the Base Component of a Transformational Grammar’,Foundations of Language 4, 243–269.
McCawley, J. D.: 1982, ‘Parentheticals and Discontinuous Constituent Structure’,Linguistic Inquiry 13, 91–106.
Ojeda, A.: 1987, ‘Discontinuity and Phrase Structure’, in A. Manaster-Ramer (ed.),Mathematics of Language, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Percival, W. K.: 1976, ‘On the Historical Source of Immediate Constituent Analysis’, in J. D. McCawley (ed.),Syntax and Semantics 7:Notes from the Linguistic Underground, pp. 229–242, Academic Press, New York.
Peters, S. and R. Ritchie: 1969, ‘Context-sensitive Immediate Constituent Analysis — Context-free Languages Revisited’,Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 1–8.
Peters, S. and R. Ritchie: 1973, ‘On the Generative Power of Transformational Grammars’,Information Sciences 6, 49–83.
Pike, K. L.: 1954–60,Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Glendale, CA., 3 parts.
Postal, P. M.: 1964a,Constituent Structure: A Study of Contemporary Models of Syntactic Description, Mouton, The Hague.
Postal, P. M.: 1964b, ‘Limitations of Phrase Structure Grammars’, in J. A. Fedor and J. J. Katz (eds.),The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy of Language, pp. 137–51, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Pullum, G. K. and G. Gazdar: 1982, ‘Natural Languages and Context-free Languages’,Linguistics and Philosophy 4, 471–504.
Révész, G.: 1976, ‘A Note on the Relation of Turing Machines to Phrase Structure Grammars’,Computational Linguistics and Computer Languages 11, 11–16.
Rounds, W. C., A. Manaster-Ramer, and J. Friedman: 1987, ‘Finding Natural Languages a Home in Formal Language Theory’, in A. Manaster-Ramer (ed.),Mathematics of Language, pp. 349–59, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Savitch, W. J., E. Bach, W. Marsh, and G. Safran-Naveh (eds.): 1988,The Formal Complexity of Natural Language, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Uszkoreit, H. and S. Peters: 1986, ‘On Some Formal Properties of Metarules’,Linguistics and Philosophy 9, 477–94.
Wasow, T.: 1978, ‘On Constraining the Class of Transformational Languages’,Synthese 39, 81–104.
Well, R. S.: 1947, ‘Immediate Constituents’,Language 23, 81–117.
Yngve, V. H.: 1960, ‘A Model and an Hypothesis for Language Structure’,Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104, 444–46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manaster-Ramer, A., Kac, M.B. The concept of phrase structure. Linguist Philos 13, 325–362 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00627711
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00627711