Bibliography
Beckner, M., The Biological Way of Thought, Columbia University Press, New York, 1959.
Beckner, M., ‘Metaphysical Presuppositions and the Description of Biological Systems’, in Form and Strategy in Science (ed. by Gregg and Harris), Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 1964.
Birch, L. C., Th. Dobzhansky, P. O. Elliott, and R. C. Lewontin, ‘Relative Fitness of Geographic Races of Drosophila Serrata’, Evolution 17 (1963) 72–83.
Brodbeck, M., ‘Explanation, Prediction and “Imperfect” Knowledge’, in Minnesota Studies for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. III (ed. by Feigl & Maxwell), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1962, pp. 231–272.
Davis, B. D., ‘The Teleonomic Significance of Biosynthetic Control Mechanisms’, Cold Spring Harbor Symposium for Quantitative Biology 26 (1961) 1–10.
Dobzhansky, Th., ‘How Do the Genetic Loads Affect the Fitness of their Carriers in Drosophila Populations?’, The American Naturalist 98 (1964) 161–66.
Dobzhansky, Th., ‘Biology, Molecular and Organismic’, American Zoologist 4 (1964) 443–452.
Ehrlich, P. R. and R. W. Holm, The Process of Evolution, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963.
Fulton, J. F., A Textbook of Physiology, 16th ed., W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1951.
Hempel, C. G. and P. Oppenheim, ‘The Logic of Explanation’, in Readings in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Feigl and Brodbeck), Appleton Century Crofts, New York, 1953.
Hempel, C. G., ‘The Logic of Functional Analysis’, in Symposium on Sociological Theory (ed. by L. Gross), Row, Peterson & Co., Evanston, 1959.
Hempel, C. G., ‘Deductive-Nomological vs Statistical Explanation’, in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. III (ed. by Feigl and Maxwell), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1962, pp. 98–169.
Hempel, C. G., ‘Reasons and Covering Laws in Historical Explanation’, in Philosophy and History (ed. by S. Hook), New York University Press, New York, 1963.
Jacob, F. and J. Monod, ‘Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Synthesis of Proteins’, Journal of Molecular Biology 3 (1961) 318–56.
Levins, R., ‘Theory of Fitness in a Heterogeneous Environment V: Optimal Genetic Systems’, Genetics 52 (1965) 891–904.
Lewontin, R. C., ‘Evolution and the Theory of Games’, Journal of Theoretical Biology 1 (1961) 382–403.
Mayr, E., Animal Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1963.
Monod, J. and F. Jacob, ‘Teleonomic Mechanisms in Cellular Metabolism, Growth, and Differentiation’, Cold Spring Harbor Symposium for Quantitative Biology 26 (1961) 389–401.
Sager, R. and F. Ryan, Cell Heredity, Wiley, New York, 1961.
Scriven, M., ‘Definitions, Explanations, and Theories’, in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. II (ed. by H. Feigl, M. Scriven, and G. Maxwell), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1958, pp. 99–195.
Scriven, M., ‘Explanation and Prediction in Evolutionary Theory’, Science 130 (1959) 477–482.
Scriven, M., ‘Explanations, Predictions, and Laws’, in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. III (ed. by Feigl and Maxwell), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1962, pp. 170–230.
Simpson, G. G., ‘Organisms and Molecules in Evolution’, Science 146 (1964) 1535–38.
Smart, J. J. C., ‘Can Biology be an Exact Science?’, Synthese 11 (1959) 359–68.
Smart, J. J. C., ‘Physics and Biology’, Philosophy and Scientific Realism, Humanities Press, New York, 1963.
Thoday, J. M., ‘Components of Fitness’, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 7 (1953) 96–113.
Thoday, J. M., ‘Natural Selection and Biological Progress’, in A Century of Darwin (ed. by S. A. Barnett), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1958, pp. 313–333.
Waddington, C. H., The Strategy of the Genes, Allen and Unwin, London, 1957.
West, E. S. and W. R. Todd, Textbook of Biochemistry, Macmillan, New York, 1951.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manier, E. ‘Fitness’ and some explanatory patterns in biology. Synthese 20, 206–218 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413786
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413786