Skip to main content
Log in

A gene involved in the metabolic control of ppGpp synthesis

  • Published:
Molecular and General Genetics MGG Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

A genetic locus has been identified which controls the basal synthesis of ppGpp in growing E. coli. Cells carrying a recessive allele of the relX gene have a very low concentration of ppGpp during balanced growth, and fail to accumulate ppGpp in response to carbon/energy source downshift. Moreover, the recessive relX allele renders the cells unable to grow at 42° C and, when coupled with relA, makes the cells sensitive to the presence of leucine in minimal medium. RelX is cotransduced with fuc and relA and located at approximately 59.4 min on the E. coli genetic map.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alföldi, L., Kerekes, E.: Neutralization of the amino acid sensitivity of RCrel Escherichia coli. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 91, 155–157 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alföldi, L., Stent, G.S., Clowes, R.C.: The chromosomal site of the RNA control (RC) locus in E. coli. J. molec. Biol. 5, 348–355 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alföldi, L., Stent, G.S., Hooks, M., Hill, R.: Physiological effect of the RNA control (RC) gene in E. coli. Z. Vererbungslehre 94, 285–302 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann, B.J., Low, K.B., Taylor, A.L.: Recalibrated linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12. Bact. Rev. 40, 116–167 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, R., Haseltine, W.A.: Thermolability of the stringent factor in rel mutants of Escherichia coli. J. molec. Biol. 77, 625–629 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, R., Haseltine, W.A.: In vitro synthesis of ppGpp and pppGpp. In: Ribosomes (M. Nomura, A. Tissieres, and P. Lengyel, eds.), pp. 747–761. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, R., Haseltine, W.A.: Purification and properties of stringent factor. J. biol. Chem. 250, 1212–1217 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashel, M.: The control of ribonucleic acid synthesis in E. coli IV. Relevance of unusual phosphorylated compounds from amino acid starved stringent strains. J. biol. Chem. 244, 3133–3141 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashel, M.: Regulation of bacterial ppGpp and pppGpp. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 29, 301–318 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashel M., Gallant, J.: Two compounds implicated in the function of the R. C. gene of E. coli. Nature (Lond.) 221, 838–841 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashel, M., Gallant, J.: Cellular regulation of guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate. In: Ribosomes (M. Nomura, A. Tissieres and P. Lengyel, eds.), pp. 733–745. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashel, M., Kalbacher, B.: The control of ribonucleic acid synthesis in E. coli V. Characterization of a nucleotide associated with the stringent response. J. biol. Chem. 245, 2309–2318 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chovnick, A., Gelbert, W., McCarron, M.: Organization of the rosy locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 11, 1–10 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobzhansky, T.: In: Genetics and the origin of species. New York: Columbia University Press 1951

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiil, N.: A functional analysis of the rel gene in Escherichia coli. J. molec. Biol. 45, 195–203 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiil, N., Friesen, J.D.: Isolation of “relaxed” mutants of E. coli. J. Bact. 95, 729–731 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Friesen, J., Fiil, N., von Meyenburg, K.: Synthesis and turnover of basal level guanosine tetraphosphate in Escherichia coli. J. biol. Chem. 250, 304–309 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J., Lazzarini, R.A.: The regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis and degradation in bacteria. In: Protein synthesis, a series of advances, Vol. 2 (E.H. McConkey, ed.), pp. 309–359. New York: M. Dekker 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J., Margason, G., Finch, B.: On the turnover of ppGpp in Escherichia coli. J. biol. Chem. 247, 6055–6058 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J., Palmer, L., Pao, C.C.: Anomalous synthesis of ppGpp in growing cells. Cell 11, 181–185 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, J., Shell, L., Bittner, R.: A novel nucleotide implicated in the response of Escherichia coli to energy source downshift. Cell 7, 75–84 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, M.T., Pato, M.L., Molin, S., Fiil, N.P., von Meyenburg, K.: Simple downshift and resulting lack of correlation between ppGpp pool size and ribonucleic acid accumulation. J. Bact. 122, 585–591 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Haseltine, W.A., Block, R.: Synthesis of Guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate requires the presence of a codon-specific, uncharged transfer ribonucleic acid in the acceptor site of ribosomes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 70, 1564–1568 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S., Atherly, A.G., Barrett, A.: Synthesis of stable RNA in stringent Escherichia coli cells in the absence of charged transfer RNA. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 70, 689–692 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S.R., Yamazaki, H.: Trimethoprim-induced accumulation of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) in Escherichia coli. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48, 169–174 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Laffler, T., Gallant, J.: SpoT, a new genetic locus involved in the stringent response in E. coli. Cell 1, 27–30 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazzarini, R., Cashel, M., Gallant, J.: On the regulation of guanosine tetraphosphate levels in stringent and relaxed strains of Escherichia coli. J. biol. Chem. 246, 4381–4385 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, R.C.: The genetic basis of evolutionary change. New York: Columbia University Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.H.: General transduction. In: Experiments in molecular genetics (by J.H. Miller), pp. 201. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, F.S., Kjeldgaard, N.O.: Analysis of the relA gene product of Escherichia coli. Europ. J. Biochem. 76, 91–97 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, F.S., Lund, E., Kjeldgaard, N.O.: Codon Specific tRNA dependent in vitro synthesis of ppGpp and pppGpp. Nature (Lond.) New Biol. 243, 13–15 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokawa, Y., Sokawa, J., Kaziro, Y.: Regulation of stable RNA synthesis and ppGpp levels in growing cells of Escherichia coli Cell 5, 69–73 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stent, G.S., Brenner, S.: A genetic locus for the regulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 47, 2005–2014 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, J.C., Artz, S.W., Ames, B.N.: Guanosine 5′-diphophate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp): Positive effector for histidine operon transcription and general signal for amino acid deficiency. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 72, 4389–4393 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, C., Schaeffer, E.W.: On wild type isoalleles in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 29, 361–367 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimslow, R.M.: A consequence of the rel gene during a glucose to lactate downshift in Escherichia coli. J. biol. Chem. 246, 4872–4877 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, T.T.: A model for three-point analysis of random general transduction. Genetics 54, 405–410 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Communicated by W. Gilbert

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pao, C.C., Gallant, J. A gene involved in the metabolic control of ppGpp synthesis. Molec. Gen. Genet. 158, 271–277 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00267198

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00267198

Keywords

Navigation