Summary
Scattered vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) — immunoreactive nerves were found in the striated muscle of the hind limb of the cat, where they usually were associated with small blood vessels. VIP-immunoreactive nerves were also demonstrated in the sciatic nerve; after nerve ligation an abundance of intensely immunoreactive VIP fibres were seen proximal to the ligation. Intraarterial infusion of VIP into the isolated hind limb of the cat had dramatic effects on different sections of the vascular bed. Thus, VIP dilated the resistance vessels leading to a marked increment in muscle blood flow. VIP also relaxed the capacitance vessels causing regional pooling of blood; it increased the capillary surface area available for fluid exchange. Infusions of VIP at a dose of 8 μg/min significantly inhibited the vasoconstriction induced by electrical stimulation of the regional sympathetic nerves. It is suggested that local nervous release of VIP may act as a modulator of vascular tone in skeletal muscle.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alm P, Alumets J, Håkanson R, Sundler F (1977) Peptidergic (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) nerves in the genito-urinary tract. Neuroscience 2:751–754
Alumets J, Fahrenkrug J, Håkanson R, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O, Sundler F, Uddman R (1979) A rich VIP nerve supply is characteristic of sphincters. Nature 280:155–156
Bloom SR, Edwards AV (1980a) The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in relation to the atropine resistant vasodilatation which occurs in the submaxillary gland of the cat in response to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation. J Physiol (London) (in press)
Bloom SR, Edwards AV (1980b) Effects of autonomic stimulation on the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide from the gastrointestinal tract in the calf. J Physiol (London) (in press)
Bryant MG, Polak JM, Modlin I, Bloom SR, Albuquerque RH, Pearse AGE (1976) Possible dual role for vasoactive intestinal peptide as gastrointestinal hormone and neurotransmitter substance. Lancet 1:991–993
Cobbold A, Folkow B, Kjellmer I, Mellander S (1963) Nervous and local chemical control of precapillary sphincters in skeletal muscle as measured by changes in filtration coefficient. Acta Physiol Scand 57:180–192
Coons AH, Leduc EH, Connolly JM (1955) Studies on antibody production. I. A method for the histochemical demonstration of specific antibody and its application to a study of the hyperimmune rabbit. J Exp Med 102:49–60
Edwards AV, Bircham PMM, Mitchell SJ, Bloom SR (1978) Changes in the concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide in intestinal lymph in response to vagal stimulation in the calf. Experientia (Basel) 34:1186–1187
Eklund S, Jodal M, Lundgren O, Sjöqvist A (1979) Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on blood flow, motility and fluid transport in the gastrointestinal tract of the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 105:461–468
Emson PC, Fahrenkrug J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Jessell TM, Iversen LL (1978) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP): vesicular localization and potassium evoked release from rat hypothalamus. Brain Res. 143:174–178
Fahrenkrug J, Galbo H, Holst JJ, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB (1978a) Influence of the autonomic nervous system on the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the porcine gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol (London) 280:405–422
Fahrenkrug J, Haglund U, Jodal M, Lundgren O, Olbe L, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB (1978b) Nervous release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the gastrointestinal tract of cats: possible physiological implications. J Physiol (London) 284:291–305
Giachetti A, Said SI (1979) Axonal transport of vasoactive intestinal peptide in sciatic nerve. Nature 281:574–575
Giachetti A, Koniges F, Said SI (1977) VIP localization in synaptosomes of rat brain. Fed Proc 36:951
Grände PO, Järhult J, Mellander S (1974) Method for gravimetric registration of changes in tissue volume. Acta Physiol Scand 91:211–215
Järhult J (1975) Osmolar control of the circulation in hemorrhagic hypotension. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 423, pp 1–84
Kachelhoffer J, Eloy MR, Pousse A, Hohmatter D, Grenier JF (1974) Mesenteric vasomotor effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide study on perfused isolated canine jejunal loops. Pflügers Arch 352:37–46
Kjellmer I (1964) The effects of exercise on the vascular bed of skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 62:18–30
Larsson LI, Fahrenkrug J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O, Sundler F, Håkanson R, Rehfeld JF (1976a) Localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to central and peripheral neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci 73:3197–3200
Larsson LI, Edvinsson L, Fahrenkrug J, Håkanson R, Owman CH, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O, Sundler F (1976b) Immunohistochemical localization of a vasodilatory polypeptide (VIP) in cerebrovascular nerves. Brain Res 113:400–404
Lundberg JM, Hökfelt T, Nilsson G, Terenius L, Rehfeld J, Elde R, Said S (1978) Peptide neurons in the vagus, splanchnic and sciatic nerves. Acta Physiol Scand 104:499–501
Lundberg JM, Hökfelt T, Kewenter J, Pettersson G, Ahlman H, Edin R, Dahlström A, Nilsson G, Terenius L, Uvnäs-Wallensten K, Said S (1979) Substance P-, VIP-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the human vagus nerve. Gastroenterology 77:468–471
Lundvall J (1972) Tissue hyperosmolality as a mediator of vasodilatation and transcapillary fluid flux in exercising skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 379:1–142
Malm L, Sundler F, Uddman R (1979) Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on resistance and capacitance vessels in the nasal mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol (in press)
Mellander S (1960) Comparative studies on the adrenergic neuro-hormonal control of resistance and capacitance blood vessels in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 50:Suppl 176:1–86
Pappenheimer JR, Soto-Rivera A (1948) Effective osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins and other quantities associated with the capillary circulation in the hindlimbs of cats and dogs. Am J Physiol 152:471–491
Said SI, Mutt V (1970a) Polypeptide with broad biological activity: isolation from small intestine. Science 169:1217–1218
Said SI, Mutt V (1970b) Potent peripheral and splanchnic vasodilator peptide from normal gut. Nature 225:863–864
Said SI, Rosenberg RN (1976) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: abundant immunoreactivity in neural cell lines and normal nervous tissue. Science 192:907–908
Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Fahrenkrug J, Holst JJ (1977) Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) by electrical stimulation of the vagal nerves. Gastroenterology 72:373–375
Shimizu T, Taira N (1979) Assessment of the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on blood flow through and salivation of the dog salivary gland in comparison with those of secretin, glucagon and acetylcholine. Br J Pharmacol 65:683–687
Sternberger LA (1974) Immunocytochemistry. Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Thulin L, Olsson P (1973) Effects of intestinal peptide mixture G2 and vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP on splanchnic circulation in the dog. Acta Chir Scand 139:691–697
Uddman R, Alumets J, Densert O, Håkanson R, Sundler F (1978) Occurrence and distribution of VIP nerves in the nasal mucosa and tracheobronchial wall. Acta Otolaryngol 86:445–448
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Järhult, J., Hellstrand, P. & Sundler, F. Immunohistochemical localization and vascular effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in skeletal muscle of the cat. Cell Tissue Res. 207, 55–64 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239329
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00239329