Abstract
The regression m(x)=E{Y|X=x} is estimated by the kernel regression estimate % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGTbGbambaaa% a!3888!\[\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}} \over m} \](x) calculated from a sequence (X(1, Y 1), ..., (X n , Y n ) of independent identically distributed random vectors from R d×R. The second order asymptotic expansions for E% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGTbGbambaaa% a!3888!\[\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}} \over m} \](x) and var % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGTbGbambaaa% a!3888!\[\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}} \over m} \](x)} are derived. The expansions hold for almost all (μ) x∈R d, μ is the probability measure of X. No smoothing conditions on μ and m are imposed. As a result, the asymptotic distribution-free normality for a stochastic component of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqaqpepeea0xe9qqVa0l% b9peea0lb9sq-JfrVkFHe9peea0dXdarVe0Fb9pgea0xa9pue9Fve9% Ffc8meGabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaceWGTbGbambaaa% a!3888!\[\mathord{\buildrel{\lower3pt\hbox{$\scriptscriptstyle\frown$}} \over m} \](x)} is established. Also some bandwidth-selection rule is suggested and bias adjustment is proposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Burkholder, D. L. (1973). Distribution function inequalities for martingales, Ann. Probab., 1, 19–42.
Collomb, G. (1977). Quelques proprietes de la methode du noyau pair l'estimation non parameterique de la regression en un point fixe', C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Ser. A, 285, 289–292.
Collomb, G. (1985). Nonparametric regression: an up-to-date bibliography, Statistics, 16, 300–324.
Devroye, L. (1981). On the almost everywhere convergence of nonparametric regression function estimates, Ann. Statist., 9, 1310–1319.
Devroye, L. and Wagner, T. J. (1980). Distribution-free consistency results in nonparametric discrimination and regression function estimation, Ann. Statist., 8, 231–239.
Greblicki, W. and Pawlak, M. (1985). Fourier and Hermite series estimate of regression functions, Ann. Inst. Statist. Math., 37, 443–454.
Greblicki, W. and Pawlak, M. (1987). Necessary and sufficient consistency conditions for a recursive kernel regression estimate, J. Multivariate Anal., 23, 67–76.
Greblicki, W., Krzyżak, A. and Pawlak, M. (1984). Distribution-free pointwise consistency of kernel regression estimate, Ann. Statist., 12, 1570–1575.
Hall, P. (1984). Asymptotic properties of integrated square error and cross-validation for kernel estimation of a regression function, Z. Wahrsch. Verw. Gebiete, 67, 175–196.
Hall, P. and Wand, M. P. (1988a). On the minimization of the absolute distance in kernel density estimation, Statist. Probab. Lett., 6, 311–314.
Hall, P. and Wand, M. P. (1988b). Minimization L 1 distance in nonparametric density estimation, J. Multivariate Anal., 26, 59–88.
Härdle, W. and Marron, J. S. (1985). Optimal bandwidth selection in nonparametric regression function estimation, Ann. Statist., 13, 1465–1481.
Härdle, W. and Tsybakow, A. B. (1988). Robust nonparametric regression with simultaneous scale curve estimation, Ann. Statist., 16, 120–135.
Härdle, W., Janssen, P. and Serfling, R. (1988). Strong uniform consistency rates for estimators of conditional functionals, Ann. Statist., 16, 1428–1449.
Krzyżak, A. and Pawlak, M. (1984). Distribution-free consistency of a nonparametric regression estimate and classification, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 30, 78–81.
Krzyżak, A. and Pawlak, M. (1987). The pointwise rate of convergence of the kernel regression estimate, J. Statist. Plann. Inference, 16, 159–166.
Mack, Y. P. (1981). Local properties of k-NN regression estimates, SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods, 2, 311–323.
Mack, Y. P. and Müller, H. G. (1987). Adaptive nonparametric estimation of a multivariate regression function, J. Multivariate Anal., 23, 169–182.
Mack, Y. P. and Silverman, B. W. (1982). Weak and strong consistency of kernel regression estimate, Z. Wahrsch. Verw. Gebiete, 61, 405–415.
Nadaraya, E. A. (1964). On estimating regression, Theory Probab. Appl., 9, 141–142.
Prakasa Rao, B. L. S. (1983). Nonparametric Functional Estimation, Academic Press, New York.
Rosenblatt, M. (1969). Conditional probability density and regression estimates, Multivariate Analysis II (ed. P. R. Krishnaiah), 25–31, Academic Press, New York.
Rosenthal, H. P. (1970). On the subspace of L p(p>2) spanned by the sequences of independent random variables, Israel J. Math., 8, 273–303.
Schuster, E. F. (1972). Joint asymptotic distribution of the estimated regression function at a finite number of distinct points, Ann. Math. Statist., 43, 84–88.
Spiegelman, C. and Sacks, J. (1980). Consistent window estimation in nonparametric regression, Ann. Statist., 8, 240–246.
Stone, C. J. (1977). Consistent nonparametric regression, Ann. Statist., 5, 595–645.
Stute, W. (1984). Asymptotic normality of nearest neighbor regression function estimates, Ann. Statist., 12, 917–926.
Tsybakov, A. B. (1987). On the choice of the bandwidth in kernel nonparametric regression, Theory Probab. Appl., 32, 142–148.
van Eeden, C. (1985). Mean integrated squared error of kernel estimators when the density and its derivatives are not necessarily continuous, Ann. Inst. Statist. Math., 37, 461–472.
Watson, G. S. (1964). Smooth regression analysis, Sankhyà, 26, 359–372.
Wheeden, R. L. and Zygmund, A. (1977). Measure and Integral, Dekker, New York.
Zhao, L. C. and Fang, Z. (1985). Strong convergence of kernel estimates of nonparametric regression functions, Chinese Ann. Math. Ser. B, 6, 147–155.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported by NSERC Grant A8131.
About this article
Cite this article
Pawlak, M. On the almost everywhere properties of the kernel regression estimate. Ann Inst Stat Math 43, 311–326 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118638
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118638