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Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluents on freshwater mollusks in the upper Clinch River, Virginia, USA

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Abstract

Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine mollusk distributions in proximity to waste-water treatment plants (WTP's) in the upper Clinch River and to test the tolerance of two mollusk species to monochloramine and unionized ammonia, the major toxicants in domestic effluent. River reaches up to 3.7 km downstream of WTP's were devoid of freshwater mussels (Unionidae), and tolerance to effluents varied among snails, sphaeriid clams, and the asian clam Corbicula fluminea. Residential communities with septic systems had no measurable impact on mollusk assemblages downstream.

Laboratory bioassays with glochidia of Villosa iris yielded the following results: 24 h EC50 and LC50 values of 0.042 mg l−1 and 0.084 mg l−1 monochloramine, respectively; and 24 h EC50 and LC50 of 0.237 mg l−1 and 0.284 mg l−1 unionized ammonia, respectively. Glochidia rank among the most sensitive invertebrates in their tolerance to these toxicants. The snail Pleurocera unciale unciale was moderately sensitive, with 96 h LC50 values of 0.252 mg l−1 monochloramine and 0.742 mg l−1 unionized ammonia. Monitoring of monochloramine and unionized ammonia concentrations 0.1 km below WTP outfalls indicated that monochloramine was the toxicant likely inhibiting mollusk recovery below these plants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061-0321, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

    Richard J. Neves

  2. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, 320 South Garden Street, 28752, Marion, NC, USA

    Stephanie E. Goudreau

  3. Fisheries Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 62901, Carbondale, IL, USA

    Robert J. Sheehan

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  1. Stephanie E. Goudreau
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The Unit is jointly supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, The Wildlife Management Institute and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

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Goudreau, S.E., Neves, R.J. & Sheehan, R.J. Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluents on freshwater mollusks in the upper Clinch River, Virginia, USA. Hydrobiologia 252, 211–230 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005471

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