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Artificial regeneration with Quercus ilex L. and Quercus suber L. by direct seeding and planting in southern Spain

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Abstract

 Introduction

The limited ability of Quercus species to regenerate naturally in Mediterranean forests has led to the development of various artificial regeneration methods; however, there is no general consensus as to what specific method is the best one for this purpose.

 Material and methods

In this work, we assessed morphology, growth and survival of two Quercus species (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota and Quercus suber) using two different methods of artificial regeneration (viz. direct seeding and planting) and two seedling ages (1-year-old seedlings and 3-year-old seedlings) in southern Spain.

 Results and discussion

The 1-year-old seedlings of both species were found to exhibit the highest survival percentages and direct-seeded plants intermediate survival values. For direct-seeded plants, seed mass was found to have a significantly positive effect on the establishment success in both species. No clear-cut trend in survival was detected in the 3-year-old seedlings. The survival of the 3-year-old Q. suber seedlings and the direct-seeded plants was similar, but not in Q. ilex, where the survival of the 3-year-old seedlings was the lowest. The latter result may have been a consequence of cultivation in smaller containers leading to root deformation and limiting plant access to water. Differences in survival could not be ascribed to morphological and growth variables or stomatal conductance.

 Conclusion

Based on the results, all three artificial regeneration methods can be similarly effective provided appropriate nursery cultivation conditions are used and seeds are protected against predators, the best choice in each case being dictated by the particular restoration goals.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grant FPI-MEC, awarded to V.G-R (BES-2006-13059), and by the coordinated Spanish MEC Project DINAMED (CGL2005-05830-C03-02/BOS), INTERBOS (CGL2008-04503-CO3-02) and FEDER funds. We thank “Viveros San Jerónimo” (Consejeria de Medio Ambiente de Andalucía, Spain) for providing the studied plants. Thanks to Dr. A. del Campo, one anonymous referees and Dr. Jacobs, who made useful comments on a previous version of the manuscript. We also wish to thank José Manuel Quero, Pedro Lara, Fernando Puig and Bartolomé Arévalo for facilitating the seed collection in the Parque Natural Sierra de Cardeña and Montoro (Córdoba, Spain). Our research group is a member of the GLOBIMED network on forest ecology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Área de Ecología, Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain

    Victoria González-Rodríguez & Rafael Villar

  2. Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain

    Rafael M. Navarro-Cerrillo

Authors
  1. Victoria González-Rodríguez
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  2. Rafael M. Navarro-Cerrillo
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Correspondence to Rafael Villar.

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Handling Editor: Douglass Jacobs

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González-Rodríguez, V., Navarro-Cerrillo, R.M. & Villar, R. Artificial regeneration with Quercus ilex L. and Quercus suber L. by direct seeding and planting in southern Spain. Annals of Forest Science 68, 637–646 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0057-3

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