Abstract
The study of the content and makeup of the national registered sex offender population is in its early stages. Only a handful of studies have been conducted that assess the demographic, offense, and risk profiles of individuals on sex offender registries. This study analyzed data from the national sex offender registry to determine to what extent registered sex offenders were double counted, where they were double counted, and if there were any differences between individuals who were double counted and those who were not. Findings suggest that less than 3 % of the national estimate is double counted and that the individuals flagged as double counted were predominantly from a handful of states.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman, A. A., Harris, A. J., Levenson, J. S., & Zgoba, K. (2011). Who are the People in Your Neighborhood? A Descriptive Analysis of Individuals on Public sex Offender Registries. International Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 34, 149–159.
Ackerman, A. A., Levenson, J. S., & Harris, A. J. (2012). How Many sex Offenders Really Live Among us? Adjusted Counts and Population Rates in Five U.S. States. Journal of Crime and Justice. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2012.666407.
Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109–248, § 111, Stat. 2466 (2006).
Adkins, G., Huff, D., & Stageberg, P. (2000). The Iowa sex offender registry and recidivism. Des Moines: Iowa Department of Human Rights.
Best, J. (2001). Promoting bad Statistics. Society, 38, 10–15.
Fortney, T., Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y., & Baker, J. (2007). Myths and Facts About sex Offenders: Implications for Practice and Public Policy. Sex Offender Treatment, 2, 1–17.
Freeman, N. J., & Sandler, J. C. (2010). The Adam Walsh Act: a False Sense of Security or an Effective Public Policy Initiative? Criminal Justice Policy Review, 21, 31–49.
Hanson, R. K., & Bussiere, M. T. (1998). Predictors of sexual offender recidivism: A meta-analysis (User Report No. 96–04). Ottawa: Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada.
Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2005). The Characteristics of Persistent Sexual Offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1154–1163.
Harris, A., & Hanson, R. K. (2004). Sex offender recidivism: A simple question (User Report No. 2004–03). Ottawa: Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada.
Harris, A., Levenson, J. S., & Ackerman, A. R. (2012). Registered Sex Offenders in the United States: Behind the Numbers. Crime and Delinquency. doi:10.1177/0011128712443179.
Harris, A. J., Lobanov-Rostovsky, C., & Levenson, J. S. (2010). Widening the net: The Effects of Transitioning to the Adam Walsh Act Classification System. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 503–519.
Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act, Public Law 103–322. (1994).
Levenson, J. S., Ackerman, A. R., Socia, K. M., & Harris, A. J. (2013). Where for art Thou? Transient Sex Offenders and Residence Restrictions. Criminal Justice Policy Review. doi:10.1177/0887403413512326.
Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public Perceptions About sex Offenders and Community Protection Policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7(1), 1–25.
Levenson, J. S., Letourneau, E., Armstrong, K., & Zgoba, K. (2010). Failure to Register as a sex Offender: Is it Associated With Recidivism? Justice Quarterly, 27, 305–331.
Lieb, R., & Nunlist, C. (2008). Community Notification as Viewed by Washington’s Citizens: A 10-Year Follow-Up (Document No. 08-03-1101). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
Logan, W. (2009). Knowledge as power: Criminal registration and community notification laws in America. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Mears, D., Mancini, C., Gertz, M., & Bratton, J. (2008). Sex Crimes, Children, and Pornography: Public Views and Public Policy. Crime and Delinquency, 54, 532–559.
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (2011). Registered sex offenders in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.missingkids.come/en_US/documents/sex-offender-map.pdf.
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (2012). Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC171.pdf
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (2014). Registered sex offenders in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.missingkids.come/en_US/documents/sex-offender-map.pdf.
Terry, K. J., & Ackerman, A. R. (2009). A History of Sex Offender Registration. In R. G. Wright (Ed.), Sex Offender Laws: Failed Policies New Directions. New York: Springer.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Marshall Burns, PhD for his time and effort to prepare the data for this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ackerman, A.R. National Estimates of Registered Sex Offenders in the United States: Is Double Counting a Problem?. Am J Crim Just 40, 75–88 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-014-9248-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-014-9248-4