Skip to main content
Log in

Delusive perception—antecedents and consequences of salespeople’s misperception of customer commitment

  • Original Empirical Research
  • Published:
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although salespeople’s perception of their customers is often systematically biased, research on the antecedents and consequences of perceptual inaccuracy in customer–salesperson relationships is still scarce and limited in scope. Drawing on findings from personality research and social psychology, we therefore empirically examine potential antecedents and consequences of salespeople’s misperception of customer commitment in 233 customer–salesperson dyads. Results provide evidence of the effects of customer-related factors, relationship-related factors, and salesperson-related factors on the extent of salespeople’s misperception of customer commitment. Moreover, we show that salespeople with an upwardly biased perception of customer commitment engage in less relationship-building effort, which in turn negatively affects customer behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acitelli, L. K., Kenny, D. A., & Weiner, D. (2001). The importance of similarity and understanding of partners’ marital ideals to relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 8(2), 167–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahearne, M., Rapp, A., Hughes, D. E., & Jindal, R. (2010). Managing sales force product perceptions and control systems in the success of new product introductions. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(4), 764–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akert, R. M., & Panter, A. T. (1988). Extraversion and the ability to decode nonverbal communication. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(6), 965–972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambady, N., Hallahan, M., & Rosenthal, R. (1995). On judging and being judged accurately in zero-acquaintance situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 518–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1990). A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 42–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, S. E., Mayer, M., Coleman, J. E., Reynolds, K. E., & Lee, J. (1996). Customer-sales associate retail relationships. Journal of Retailing, 72(3), 223–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendapudi, N., & Leone, R. P. (2002). Managing business-to-business customer relationships following key contact employee turnover in a vendor firm. Journal of Marketing, 66(2), 83–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, M. C., & Funder, D. C. (1998). The effect of information on consensus and accuracy in personality judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34(2), 164–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, G. A., Ford, J. N., Walker, O. C., Johnston, E. M., & Tanner, J. (1997). Sales force management. Chicago: Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(6), 1152–1162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, K., Cheshire, C., & Gerbasi, A. (2006). Power, dependence, and social exchange. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 194–216). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cravens, D. W., Ingram, T. N., LaForge, R. W., & Young, C. E. (1993). Behavior-based and outcome-based salesforce control systems. Journal of Marketing, 57(4), 47–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, L. A., Evans, K. R., & Cowles, D. (1990). Relationship quality in services selling: an interpersonal influence perspective. Journal of Marketing, 54(3), 68–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darmon, R. Y. (2002). Salespeople’s management of customer information: impact on optimal territory and sales force sizes. European Journal of Operational Research, 137(1), 162–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Matos, C. A., & Rossi, C. A. V. (2008). Word-of-mouth communications in marketing: a meta-analytic review of the antecedents and moderators. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(4), 578–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Ruyter, K., Moorman, L., & Lemmink, J. (2001). Antecedents of commitment and trust in customer-supplier relationships in high technology markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(3), 271–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, D., Griffin, D. W., Milojkovic, J. D., & Ross, L. (1990). The overconfidence effect in social prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 568–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, K. L., & Beatty, S. E. (1995). Customer relationships with retail salespeople: a conceptual model and propositions. Advances in Consumer Research, 22(1), 594–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farh, J.-L., & Dobbins, G. H. (1989). Effects of self-esteem on leniency bias in self-reports of performance: a structural equation model analysis. Personnel Psychology, 42(4), 835–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, G. J. O., & Kerr, P. S. G. (2010). Through the eyes of love: reality and illusion in intimate relationships. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 627–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flink, C., & Park, B. (1991). Increasing consensus in trait judgments through outcome dependency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(5), 453–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, M. D., & Matheson, K. (1999). Perceiving and responding to the personal/group discrimination discrepancy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(10), 1319–1329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franke, G. R., & Park, J.-E. (2006). Salesperson adaptive selling behavior and customer orientation: a meta-analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(4), 693–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, M. S., Taylor, A. B., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2012). Explanation of two anomalous results in statistical mediation analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(1), 61–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: a realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102(4), 652–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funder, D. C. (1999). Personality judgment: A realistic approach to person perception. San Diego: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gensch, D. H. (1984). Targeting the switchable industrial customer. Marketing Science, 3(1), 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gwinner, K. P., Gremler, D. D., & Bitner, M. J. (1998). Relational benefits in services industries: the customer’s perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 26(2), 101–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (2003). Early temperament and attachment as predictors of the five factor model of personality. Attachment & Human Development, 5(1), 2–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallén, L., Johanson, J., & Seyed-Mohamed, N. (1991). Interfirm adaptation in business relationships. Journal of Marketing, 55(2), 29–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homburg, C., Wieseke, J., & Bornemann, T. (2009). Implementing the marketing concept at the employee–customer interface: the role of customer need knowledge. Journal of Marketing, 73(4), 64–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howick, R. S., & Pidd, M. (1990). Sales force deployment models. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(3), 295–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. (1993). Market orientation: antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57(3), 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • John, G., & Reve, T. (1982). The reliability and validity of key informant data from dyadic relationships in marketing channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 517–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. T., Barksdale, H. C., & Boles, J. S. (2001). The strategic role of the salesperson in reducing customer defection in business relationships. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 21(2), 123–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E., Brown, S. P., Zoltners, A. A., & Weitz, B. A. (2005). The changing environment of selling and sales management. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 25(2), 105–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, P., Jayachandran, S., & Rose, R. L. (2006). The role of relational embeddedness in retail buyers’ selection of new products. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(4), 580–587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N., Stern, L. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1993). Conducting interorganizational research using key informants. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(6), 1633–1651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N., Hibbard, J. D., & Stern, L. W. (1994). The nature and consequences of marketing channel intermediary commitment. MSI Working Paper, Report No. 94–115.

  • Lagace, R. R., Dahlstrom, R., & Gassenheimer, J. B. (1991). The relevance of ethical salesperson behavior on relationship quality: the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 11(4), 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, D. M., Marmorstein, H., & Sharma, A. (1990). Industrial salespeople as a source of market information. Industrial Marketing Management, 19(2), 141–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, T. W. (1987). Cognitive selling scripts and sales training. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 7(2), 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., Wen, Z., & Hau, K.-T. (2004). Structural equation models of latent interactions: evaluation of alternative estimation strategies and indicator construction. Psychological Methods, 9(3), 275–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, P. J., & Ryans, J. K. (1968). Differences between retailers’ and consumers’ perceptions. Journal of Marketing Research, 5(1), 35–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. C., Berg, J. H., & Archer, R. L. (1983). Openers: individuals who elicit intimate self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(6), 1234–1244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment–trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2006). MPlus: Statistical analysis with latent variables: User’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuberg, S. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1987). Motivational influences on impression formation: outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 431–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmatier, R. W., Dant, R. P., Grewal, D., & Evans, K. R. (2006). Factors influencing the effectiveness of relationship marketing: a meta-analysis. Journal of Marketing, 70(4), 136–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parasuraman, A. (1982). An approach for allocating sales call effort. Industrial Marketing Management, 11(1), 75–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulssen, M. (2009). Attachment orientations in business-to-business relationships. Psychology and Marketing, 26(6), 507–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, R. T. (2008). Scripts as a training tool for hospitality and tourism employees. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 7(1), 63–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pullins, E. B., Fine, L. M., & Warren, W. L. (1996). Identifying peer mentors in the sales force: an exploratory investigation of willingness and ability. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(2), 125–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, K. E., & Beatty, S. E. (1999). Customer benefits and company consequences of customer–salesperson relationships in retailing. Journal of Retailing, 75(1), 11–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saxe, R., & Weitz, B. A. (1982). The SOCO scale: a measure of the customer orientation of salespeople. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(3), 343–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment theory and research: resurrection of the psychodynamic approach to personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 22–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, R. L., & Perreault, W. D. (1978). Factors influencing sales call frequency of industrial salespersons. Journal of Business Research, 6(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, R. L., & Weitz, B. A. (1990). Adaptive selling: conceptualization, measurement, and nomological validity. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(1), 61–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, M., & Johnson, A. R. (2006). Marketplace and personal space: investigating the differential effects of attachment style across relationship contexts. Psychology and Marketing, 23(8), 711–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsiros, M., Ross, W. T., & Mittal, V. (2009). How commitment influences the termination of B2B exchange relationships. Journal of Service Research, 11(3), 263–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vosgerau, J., Anderson, E., & Ross, W. T. (2008). Can inaccurate perceptions in business-to-business (B2B) relationships be beneficial? Marketing Science, 27(2), 205–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vosgerau, J., Anderson, E., & Ross, W. T. (2004). A social perception view of business relationships in the service sector. Advances in Consumer Research, 31(1), 200–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wathne, K. H., Biong, H., & Heide, J. B. (2001). Choice of supplier in embedded markets: relationship and marketing program effects. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 54–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1980). Human motivation. New York: Holt Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitz, B. A. (1978). Relationship between salesperson performance and understanding of customer decision making. Journal of Marketing Research, 15(4), 501–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitz, B. A., Sujan, H., & Sujan, M. (1986). Knowledge, motivation, and adaptive behavior: a framework for improving selling effectiveness. Journal of Marketing, 50(4), 174–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widmier, S. (2002). The effects of incentives and personality on salesperson’s customer orientation. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(7), 609–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youndt, M. A., Snell, S. A., Dean, J. W., & Lepak, D. P. (1996). Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 836–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Homburg.

Additional information

All authors contributed equally to this paper. The authors thank Tomas Hult and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments during the review process.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4 Scale items for construct measurement

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Homburg, C., Bornemann, T. & Kretzer, M. Delusive perception—antecedents and consequences of salespeople’s misperception of customer commitment. J. of the Acad. Mark. Sci. 42, 137–153 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-013-0347-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-013-0347-4

Keywords

Navigation