Abstract
Nonprofit sports clubs generate revenue from a variety of sources. One of the main income categories is donations. Previous research only analyzed the amount of money generated through donations, but not the influencing factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate determinants of donations for nonprofit sports clubs. The study is based on the public goods theory (Weisbrod in “The economics of nonprofit institutions.” “Studies in structure and policy.” Oxford University Press, New York, pp 21–44, 1986) and the contract failure theory (Hansmann in Yale Law J 89(5):835–902, 1980) and makes use of an unbalanced panel data set from a nationwide online survey of nonprofit sports clubs in Germany (n = 41,343). The results show that particularly the provision of elite sport and the promotion of young talents positively influence the reception of donations. Moreover, sports clubs caring for social aspects, companionship, and conviviality as core values are able to generate higher revenues from donations. The same applies to clubs employing paid staff. Contrary, a commercial orientation was found to have a negative effect.
Résumé
Les clubs sportifs à but non lucratif génèrent des revenus à partir de sources diverses. Parmi celles-ci, les dons constituent l’un des principaux postes de revenus. Les études existantes n’analysent que les sommes générées par les dons, sans considérer les facteurs d’influence. Cette étude vise à rechercher les déterminants des dons faits à des clubs sportifs à but non lucratif. Elle est basée sur la théorie des biens collectifs (Weisbrod 1986) et sur la théorie de l’échec du contrat (Hansmann 1980). Elle exploite les données d’un panel non compensé provenant d’une enquête réalisée en ligne au niveau national et portant sur les clubs sportifs à but non lucratif en Allemagne (n = 41,343). Les résultats indiquent que les faits de proposer un sport d’élite et de promouvoir les jeunes talents influencent particulièrement et de manière positive les dons. De plus, les clubs sportifs attachés aux aspects sociaux, à la camaraderie et à la convivialité génèrent davantage de revenus par le don. Il en va de même pour les clubs qui emploient du personnel rémunéré. À l’inverse, l’orientation commerciale se révèle avoir un effet négatif.
Zusammenfassung
Die Einnahmen gemeinnütziger Sportvereine stammen aus verschiedenen Quellen. Eine der wichtigsten Einnahmekategorien sind Spenden. Bisherige Forschungen analysierten lediglich den durch Spenden erzielten Geldbetrag, nicht jedoch die Einflussfaktoren. Zweck dieser Studie ist die Untersuchung der Determinanten von Spenden an gemeinnützige Sportvereine. Die Studie beruht auf der Theorie der öffentlichen Güter (Weisbrod 1986) und der Theorie des Vertragsversagens (Hansmann 1980) und verwertet unbalancierte Paneldaten aus einer landesweiten Online-Befragung von gemeinnützigen Sportvereinen in Deutschland (n = 41,343). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich insbesondere das Angebot von Spitzensport und die Förderung von Nachwuchstalenten positiv auf den Erhalt von Spenden auswirken. Darüber hinaus können Sportvereine, die großen Wert auf soziale Aspekte, Gemeinschaft und Geselligkeit legen, höhere Spendeneinnahmen erzielen. Gleiches gilt für Vereine, die über bezahlte Mitarbeiter verfügen. Dahingegen stellte man fest, dass sich eine kommerzielle Orientierung negativ auswirkt.
Resumen
Los clubes deportivos sin ánimo de lucro generan ingresos a partir de una serie de fuentes. Una de las principales categorías de ingresos son las donaciones. Investigaciones previas sólo analizaron el importe del dinero generado mediante donaciones, pero no los factores que influyen. El propósito del presente estudio es investigar los determinantes de las donaciones para los clubes deportivos sin ánimo de lucro. El estudio se basa en la teoría de los bienes públicos (Weisbrod 1986) y en la teoría de los fallos de contrato (Hansmann 1980) y hace uso de un conjunto de datos de panel desequilibrados de una encuesta online a nivel nacional de clubes deportivos sin ánimo de lucro en Alemania (n = 41,343). Los resultados muestran que en particular la provisión de deporte de élite y la promoción de talentos juveniles influyen positivamente en la recepción de donaciones. Asimismo, los clubes deportivos a los que les importan los aspectos sociales, el compañerismo, y la buena convivencia como valores fundamentales pueden generar mayores ingresos de las donaciones. Los mismo se aplica a los clubes que emplean a personal pagado. Por el contrario, se encontró que una orientación comercial tiene un efecto negativo.
ملخص
تنتج النوادي الرياضية الغير ربحية الإيرادات من مجموعة متنوعة من المصادر. التبرعات هي إحد ى فئات الدخل الرئيسية. البحوث السابقة حللت فقط مبلغ المال الذي تم إنشاؤه من خلال التبرعات، لكن ليس العوامل المؤثرة. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو التحقيق في محددات التبرعات للأندية الرياضية الغير ربحية. تستند هذه الدراسة على نظرية المنافع العامة وايسبرود (Weisbrod 1986) ونظرية فشل العقد (Hansmann 1980) وإستخدام مجموعة جدول البيانات الغير متوازنة من إستطلاع رأي وطني على الإنترنت لنوادي رياضية غير ربحية في ألمانيا (ن41343 =). أظهرت النتائج أن خاصة توفير نخبة الرياضة وتشجيع المواهب الشابة يؤثر إيجابيا˝ على إستقبال التبرعات. علاوة على ذلك، ترعى النوادي الرياضية الجوانب الإجتماعية ٬الرفقة، والعيش المشترك كقيم أساسية قادرة على إنتاج عائدات أعلى من التبرعات. الأمر نفسه ينطبق على أندية توظيف الموظفين المدفوعة. العكس من ذلك، تم العثور على أن التوجه التجاري يكون له تأثير سلبي.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Federal Institute for Sports Sciences (BISp), the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB), and the 16 federal state sports confederations (LSBs) for supporting the research into sports clubs in Germany (Sport Development Report).
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Feiler, S., Wicker, P. & Breuer, C. How to Raise Voluntary Giving for Nonprofit Sports Clubs: An Analysis of Factors Influencing Donations. Voluntas 26, 1219–1239 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9489-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-014-9489-3