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Solanesol: a review of its resources, derivatives, bioactivities, medicinal applications, and biosynthesis

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Abstract

Solanesol, which mainly accumulates in solanaceous crops, including tobacco, tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper plants, is a long-chain polyisoprenoid alcohol compound with nine isoprene units. Chemical synthesis of solanesol is difficult; therefore, solanesol is primarily extracted from solanaceous crops, particularly tobacco leaves. In plants, solanesol exists in both free and esterified forms, and its accumulation is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Solanesol is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an intermediate for the synthesis of ubiquinone drugs, such as coenzyme Q10 and vitamin K2. Solanesol possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer activities, and solanesol derivatives also have anti-oxidant and antitumour activities, in addition to other bioactivities. Solanesol derivatives can also be used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and wound healing. Solanesol biosynthesis occurs in plastids of higher plants via the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The key enzymes in solanesol biosynthesis, including 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate-reductoisomerase, isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, and solanesyl diphosphate synthase, are also important regulators of the MEP pathway, and their overexpression is favourable for downstream metabolic flow, further promoting the synthesis of downstream metabolites, such as solanesol. Future studies should determine the pharmacokinetic properties of solanesol and its derivatives and investigate the metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms mediating solanesol biosynthesis, metabolic and genetic engineering of solanesol, the synthetic biology of solanesol, and the physiological role of solanesol. In the present review, we systematically summarise current knowledge on solanesol resources, derivatives, bioactivities and medicinal applications, metabolic pathways, and key biosynthetic enzymes.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

AIDS:

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CDP-ME:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol

CDP-MEP:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2-phosphate

DMAPP:

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

DXOP:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate

Dxs:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase

Dxr:

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate-reductoisomerase

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

FPP:

Farnesyl pyrophosphate

GPP:

Geranyl pyrophosphate

GGPP:

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate

HMB-PP:

1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate

Ipi:

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase

IPP:

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

IspD:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol synthase

IspE:

4-Diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase

IspF:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase

IspG:

1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate synthase

IspH:

1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase

MEcPP:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate

MEP:

2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate

MVA:

Mevalonic acid

SDB:

N-solanesyl-N, N′-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)ethylenediamine

SLSs:

Solanesol-like substances

SPP:

Solanesyl diphosphate

Sps:

Solanesyl diphosphate synthase

TMV:

Tobacco mosaic virus

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Jianbo Xiao (Shanghai Normal University) for critical reading of the manuscript. We acknowledge the financial support of CAAS (an Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program grant to Zhongfeng ZHANG), China National Tobacco Corporation (No. 110201401008(JY-08)), Tobacco Research Institute of CAAS, and the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No. 201203091).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China

    Ning Yan, Yanhua Liu, Daping Gong, Yongmei Du, Huaibao Zhang & Zhongfeng Zhang

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  1. Ning Yan
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  2. Yanhua Liu
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  3. Daping Gong
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  4. Yongmei Du
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  5. Huaibao Zhang
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  6. Zhongfeng Zhang
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Correspondence to Zhongfeng Zhang.

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Yan, N., Liu, Y., Gong, D. et al. Solanesol: a review of its resources, derivatives, bioactivities, medicinal applications, and biosynthesis. Phytochem Rev 14, 403–417 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-015-9393-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-015-9393-5

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