Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), the major effector hormone of renin-angiotensin system, acts as a promoter of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2 pathogenesis. Activation of Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R) has been examined as a potential therapeutic strategy. However, there are conflicting findings regarding the role of AT2R. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of overexpressing AT2R by viral vector transduction on the apoptosis and function of pancreatic β-islet cells. The rat insulinoma cell line, INS-1, was transduced with a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing AT2R (Ad-G-AT2R-EGFP). AT2R overexpression resulted in significantly reduced cell viability and subsequently impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) function in INS-1 cells. Down-regulated expressions of GSIS pathway components, insulin, glucose transporter 2, and glucokinase were associated with AT2R overexpression. Further analysis determined that overexpression of AT2R induced G1-phase cell cycle arrest and Ang II-independent apoptotic cell death as indicated by increased Annexin V staining. To understand the apoptosis signaling triggered by AT2R overexpression, levels of caspase proteins were measured. Overexpression of AT2R significantly induced caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 cleavage, and decreased Bcl-2, pAkt, and pERK expression levels. AT2R-induced cell apoptosis was successfully blocked by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Our findings suggested that AT2R overexpression triggers the apoptosis of INS-1 cells and dysfunction in insulin secretion. In conclusion, more careful design and consideration are required when applying AT2R-related therapies in treating diabetes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T (2000) International union of pharmacology. XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors. Pharmacol Rev 52:415–472
Olivares-Reyes JA, Arellano-Plancarte A, Castillo-Hernandez JR (2009) Angiotensin II and the development of insulin resistance: implications for diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 302:128–139
Namsolleck P, Recarti C, Foulquier S, Steckelings UM, Unger T (2014) AT(2) receptor and tissue injury: therapeutic implications. Curr Hypertens Rep 16:416–426
Carey RM, Wang ZQ, Siragy HM (2000) Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor in the regulation of blood pressure and renal function. Hypertension 35:155–163
Berk BC (2003) Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R): a challenging twin. Sci STKE 181:PE16
Wang X, Lu J, Khaidakov M, Mitra S, Ding Z et al (2012) Delineation of the effects of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors on HL-1 cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Apoptosis 17:908–915
Wang X, Khaidakov M, Ding Z, Mitra S, Lu J et al (2012) Cross-talk between inflammation and angiotensin II: studies based on direct transfection of cardiomyocytes with AT1R and AT2R cDNA. Exp Biol Med 237:1394–1401
Nakajima M, Hutchinson HG, Fujinaga M, Hayashida W, Morishita R et al (1995) The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT1 receptor: gain-of-function study using gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10663–10667
Yamada T, Akishita M, Pollman MJ, Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ et al (1998) Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and antagonizes angiotensin II type 1 receptor action: an in vitro gene transfer study. Life Sci 63:PL289–PL295
Stoll M, Steckelings UM, Paul M, Bottari SP, Metzger R et al (1995) The angiotensin AT2-receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 95(651–657):H2179–H2187
Weidekamm C, Hauser P, Hansmann C, Schwarz C, Klingler H et al (2002) Effects of AT1 and AT2 receptor blockade on angiotensin II induced apoptosis of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114:725–729
Podhorska-Okołów M, Dziegiel P, Gomułkiewicz A, Dolińska-Krajewska B, Murawska-Ciałowicz E et al (2004) The role of AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors in the mechanism of apoptosis in renal tubular cells after physical exercise. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 49(Suppl 1):8–10
Li H, Qi Y, Li C, Braseth LN, Gao Y et al (2009) Angiotensin type 2 receptor-mediated apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 8:3255–3265
Kawabata A, Baoum A, Ohta N, Jacquez S, Seo GM et al (2012) Intratracheal administration of a nanoparticle-based therapy with the angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene attenuates lung cancer growth. Cancer Res 72:2057–2067
Shao C, Zucker IH, Gao L (2013) Angiotensin type 2 receptor in pancreatic islets of adult rats: a novel insulinotropic mediator. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 305:E1281–E1291
Shao C, Yu L, Gao L (2014) Activation of angiotensin type 2 receptors partially ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male rats by islet protection. Endocrinology 155:793–804
Ohshima K, Mogi M, Jing F, Iwanami J, Tsukuda K et al (2012) Direct angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation ameliorates insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mice with PPARγ activation. PLoS ONE 7:e48387
Danyel LA, Schmerler P, Paulis L, Unger T, Steckelings UM (2013) Impact of AT2-receptor stimulation on vascular biology, kidney function, and blood pressure. Integr Blood Press Control 6:153–161
Chu KY, Cheng Q, Chen C, Au LS, Seto SW et al (2010) Angiotensin II exerts glucose-dependent effects on Kv currents in mouse pancreatic beta-cells via angiotensin II type 2 receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 298:C313–C323
Asfari M, Janjic D, Meda P, Li G, Halban PA, Wollheim CB (1992) Establishment of 2-mercaptoethanol-dependent differentiated insulin-secreting cell lines. Endocrinology 130:167–178
Kasibhatla S, Amarante-Mendes GP, Finucane D, Brunner T, Bossy-Wetzel E et al (2006) Staining of suspension cells with Hoechst 33258 to detect apoptosis. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 4:123–130
Zhang X, Sun N, Wang L, Guo H, Guan Q et al (2009) AMP-activated protein kinase and pancreatic/duodenal homeobox-1 involved in insulin secretion under high leucine exposure in rat insulinoma beta-cells. J Cell Mol Med 13:758–770
Mantena SK, Sharma SD, Katiyar SK (2006) Berberine inhibits growth, induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells by regulating Cdki-Cdk-cyclin cascade, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. Carcinogenesis 27:2018–2027
Feng YH, Sun Y, Douglas JG (2002) Gβgamma-independent constitutive association of Gαs with SHP-1 and angiotensin II receptor AT2 is essential in AT2-mediated ITIM-independent activation of SHP-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:12049–12054
Miura S, Karnik SS (2000) Ligand-independent signals from angiotensin II type 2 receptor induce apoptosis. EMBO J 19:4026–4035
Noda K, Feng YH, Liu XP, Saad Y, Husain A et al (1996) The active state of the AT1 angiotensin receptor is generated by angiotensin II induction. Biochemistry 35:16435–16442
Miura S, Karnick SS (2002) Constitutive activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor alters the orientation of transmembrane Helix-2. J Biol Chem 277:24299–24305
Pi J, Bai Y, Zhang Q, Wong V, Floering LM et al (2007) Reactive oxygen species as a signal in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes 56:1783–1791
Xu J, Sun Y, Carretero OA, Zhu L, Harding P et al (2014) Effects of cardiac overexpression of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor on remodeling and dysfunction in mice post-myocardial infarction. Hypertension 63:1251–1259
Yu L, Zheng M, Wang W, Rozanski GJ, Zucker IH et al (2010) Developmental changes in AT1 and AT2 receptor-protein expression in rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 11:214–221
Pei N, Jie F, Luo J, Wan R, Zhang Y et al (2014) Gene expression profiling associated with angiotensin II type 2 receptor-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. PLoS ONE 9:e92253
Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ (1996) Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:156–160
Du H, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Jie F, Li J et al (2013) Effects of angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE 8:e83754
Jiang L, Teng GM, Chan EY, Au SW, Wise H et al (2012) Impact of cell type and epitope tagging on heterologous expression of G protein-coupled receptor: a systematic study on angiotensin type II receptor. PLoS ONE 7:e47016
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81100550). We would like to thank Prof. Sumners C (University of Florida, USA) and Prof. Li HW (Southern Medical University, China) for providing the vectors Ad-CMV-EGFP and Ad-G-AT2R-EGFP. We also would also like to thank Prof. Wang CY and Dr. Hu Y (Academy of Military Medical Sciences, China) for their technical assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Min Liu and Danqing Jing contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, M., Jing, D., Wang, Y. et al. Overexpression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor promotes apoptosis and impairs insulin secretion in rat insulinoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 400, 233–244 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2280-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2280-3