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Towards an energy–landscape integrated analysis? Exploring the links between socio-metabolic disturbance and landscape ecology performance (Mallorca, Spain, 1956–2011)

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Abstract

Context

The role of agricultural landscapes in biodiversity conservation is an emerging topic in a world experiencing a worrying decrease of species richness. Farm systems may either decrease or increase biological diversity, depending on land-use intensities and management.

Objectives

We present an intermediate disturbance-complexity model (IDC) of cultural landscapes aimed at assessing how different levels of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystems affect the capacity to host biodiversity depending on the land matrix heterogeneity. It is applied to the Mallorca Island, amidst the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.

Methods

The model uses the disturbance exerted when farmers alter the Net Primary Production through land-use change as well as when they remove a share of it (HANPP), together with Shannon–Wiener index (H′) of land-cover diversity. The model is tested with a twofold-scalar experimental design (1:50,000 and 1:5000) of a set of landscape units along three time points (1956, 1989, 2011). Species richness of breeding and wintering birds, taken as a biodiversity proxy, is used in an exploratory factor analysis.

Results

The results clearly show that when intermediate levels of HANPP are performed within intermediate levels of complexity (H′) in landscape patterns, like agro-forest mosaics, great bird species richness and high socio-ecological resilience can be maintained. Yet, these complex-heterogeneous landscapes are currently vanishing due to industrial farm intensification, rural abandonment and urban sprawl.

Conclusions

The results make apparent the usefulness of transferring the concept of intermediate disturbance-complexity interplay to cultural landscapes. Our spatial-explicit IDC model can be used as a tool for strategic environmental assessment of land-use planning.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the Spanish research project HAR2012-38920-C02-02, and the international Partnership Grant SSHRC- 895-2011-1020 on ‘Sustainable farm systems: long-term socio-ecological metabolism in western agriculture’ funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Barcelona Institute of Regional and Metropolitan Studies, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain

    Joan Marull, Elena Domene & Manel Pons

  2. Department of Mathematics, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain

    Carme Font

  3. Department of Economic History and Institutions, University of Barcelona, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    Enric Tello & Elena Galán

  4. Department of Geography, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain

    Nofre Fullana

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  1. Joan Marull
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Correspondence to Joan Marull.

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Marull, J., Font, C., Tello, E. et al. Towards an energy–landscape integrated analysis? Exploring the links between socio-metabolic disturbance and landscape ecology performance (Mallorca, Spain, 1956–2011). Landscape Ecol 31, 317–336 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0245-x

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