Abstract
Little research has examined the role of acculturation in the determination of intimate partner violence (IPV) among Chinese immigrants in the United States. Data on 166 IPV Chinese immigrant couples obtained from a Chinese American community organization were analyzed for this study. Findings show that the level of acculturation and socioeconomic status were associated with severity, frequency, length, and type of abuse committed by Chinese immigrant men although not all factors played an equally important role in explaining IPV. Certain Chinese immigrant victim characteristics, such as having social networks, were also related to the experience of IPV.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
1 Other ethnic groups consist of Whites (14 %), Hispanics (2 %), Blacks (1 %) and other non-Asians (2.4 %).
2 The length of abuse was originally constructed by GOH as a 10-category ordinal variable (ranging from1 month to 5 years) with a large variation in the length of time. This non-equidistant progression of values rendered a meaningful analysis of the information impossible. Thus, we transformed the measure into a binary that breaks up the sample into two comparable halves. This re-coding allows an easy and meaningful reading of the coefficients.
References
Antai, D. (2011). Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC Public Health, 11, 511–521.
Arbona, C., Olvera, N., Rodriguez, N., Hagan, J., Linares, A., & Wiesnerm. (2010). Acculturative stress among documented and undocumented Latino immigrants in the United States. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32, 362–384.
Barry, D. T. (2001). Development of a new scale for measuring acculturation: the East Asian acculturation measure (EAAM). Journal of Immigrant Health, 3(4), 193–197.
Bell, K. M., & Naugle, A. E. (2008). Intimate partner violence theoretical considerations: moving towards a contextual framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1096–1107.
Benet-Martınez, V. (2003).The Riverside Acculturation Stress Inventory (RASI):Development and psychometric properties .Technical Report, Department of Psychology, University of California at Riverside.
Berry, J. W. (1970). Marginality, stress and ethnic identification in an acculturated aboriginal community. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 239–252.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaption. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5–68.
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697–712.
Bhuyan, R. (2008). The production of the “battered immigrant” in public policy and domestic violence advocacy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(2), 153–170.
Bodenmann, G., & Shantinath, S. D. (2004). The Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET): a new approach to prevention of marital distress based upon stress and coping. Family Relations, 53(5), 477–484.
Caetano, R., Schafer, J., Clark, C. L., Cunradi, C. B., & Raspberry, K. (2000). Intimate partner violence, acculturation, and alcohol consumption among Hispanic couples in the UnitedStates. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(1), 30–45.
Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. W., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 2, 231–280.
Caplan, S. (2007). Latinos, acculturation, and acculturative stress: A dimensional concept analysis. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 8, 97–106.
Catalano, S. M. (2012). Intimate partner violence, 1993–2010 (NCJ 239203). Washington: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Chan, K. L. (2009). Sexual violence against women and children in Chinese societies. Trauma Violence Abuse, 10, 69–85.
Chan, K. L. (2012). Predicting the risk of intimate partner violence: The Chinese risk assessment tool for victims. Journal of Family Violence, 27, 157–164.
Chan, S., & Leong, C. W. (1994). Chinese families in transition: cultural conflicts and adjustment problems. Journal of Social Distress and the Homesless, 3(3), 263–281.
Chaudhuri, S., Morash, M., & Yingling, J. (2014). Marriage migration, patriarchal bargains, and wife abuse: a study of South Asian women. Violence Against Women, 20(2), 141–161.
Chen, P. H. (2009). A counseling model for self-relation coordination for Chinese clients with interpersonal conflicts. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 937–1009.
Chin, K. (1996). Chinatown gangs: Extortion, enterprise, and ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cho, H. (2011). Racial differences in the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women and associated factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(2), 344–363.
Chung, H. (2002). The challenges of providing behavioral treatment to Asian Americans: identifying the challenges is the first step in overcoming them. Western Journal of Medicine, 176, 222–223.
Concha, M., Sanchez, M., de la Rosa, M., & Villar, M. E. (2013). A longitudinal study of social capital and acculturation-related stress among recent Latino immigrants in South Florida. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 35(4), 469–485.
Cook, R. J., & Dickens, B. M. (2009). Dilemmas in intimate partner violence. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 106, 72–75.
Cooke, T. J., Boyle, P., Couch, K., & Feijten, P. (2009). A longitudinal analysis of family migration and the gender gap in earnings in the United States and Great Britain. Demography, 46(1), 147–167.
Davis, R. C., & Erez, E. (1998). Immigrant population as victims: Toward a multicultural criminal justice system. Washington: National Institute of Justice.
Dow, H. D. (2011). The acculturation process: the strategies and factors affecting the degree of acculturation. Home Health Care Management & Practice, 23(3), 221–227.
Everett, B. G., Rogers, R. G., Hummer, R. A., & Krueger, P. M. (2011). Trends in educational attainment by race/ethnicity, nativity, and sex in the United States, 1989–2005. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(9), 1543–1566.
Farris, C. A., & Fenaughty, A. M. (2002). Social isolation and domestic violence among female drug users. American Journal of Alcohol Abuse, 28(2), 339–351.
Garden of Hope. (2012). Garden of Hope: The 8th anniversary celebration and 2012 annual report. New York: Garden of Hope.
Gelles, R. (1993). Through a sociological lens: Social structure and family violence. In R. Gelles & D. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 31–46). London: Sage.
Golden, S. D., Perreira, K. M., & Durrance, C. P. (2013). Troubled times, troubled relationships: how economic resources, gender beliefs, and neighborhood disadvantage influence intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(10), 2134–2155.
Graham, K., Bernards, S., Flynn, A., Tremblay, P. F., & Wells, S. (2012). Does the relationship between depression and intimate partner aggression vary by gender, victim-perpetrators role, and aggression severity? Violence and Victims, 27(5), 730–743.
Graves, T. D. (1967). Psychological acculturation in a tri-ethnic community. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 23, 338–350.
Han, A. D., Kim, E. J., & Tyson, S. Y. (2010). Partner violence against Korean immigrant women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 21(4), 370–376.
Hicks, M. H. (2006). The prevalence and characteristics of intimate partner violence in a community study of Chinese American women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 1249–1269.
Ho, C. K. (1990). An analysis of domestic violence in Asian American communities: a multicultural approach to counseling. Women and Therapy, 9, 129–159.
Hoeffel, E. M., Rastogi, S., Kim, M. O., Shahid, H. (2012). The Asian population: 2010 census briefs. Washington, DC: Department of Commerce: Economics and Statics Administration. U.S. Census Bureau.
Hovey, J. D. (2000). Acculturative stress, depression, and suicidal ideation among Central American immigrants. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 30(2), 125–139.
Hsu, L. K. G., Wan, Y. M., Chang, H., Summergrad, P., Tsang, B. Y. P., & Chen, H. (2008). Stigma of depression is more severe in Chinese Americans than Caucasian Americans. Psychiatry. Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 71, 210–218.
Hwang, K. K. (2009). The development of indigenous counseling in contemporary Confucian communities. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 930–943.
Hwang, W., & Myers, H. (2007). Major depression in Chinese Americans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 189–197.
Hyman, I., Guruge, S., & Mason, R. (2008). The impact of migration on marital relationships: a study of Ethiopian immigrants in Toronto. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(2), 149–163.
Jasinski, J. (1998). The role of acculturation in wife assault. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20(2), 175–191.
Jin, X., & Keat, J. E. (2010). The effect of change in spousal power on intimate partner violence among Chinese immigrants. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(4), 610–625.
Kim, S., & Rew, L. (1994). Ethnic identity, role integration, quality of life, and depression in Korean-American women. Archieves of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(8), 348–356.
Kim, J. Y., & Sung, K. (2000). Conjugal violence in Korean American families: a residue of cultural tradition. Journal of Family Violence, 15(4), 331–345.
Kwong, P. (1996). The new Chinatown. New York: Hill and Wang.
Lee, E. (1982). A social systems approach to assessment and treatment for Chinese American families. In M. McGoldrick, J. K. Pearce, & J. Giordano (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 527–551). New York: Guilford.
Lee, E. (2007). Domestic violence and risk factors among Korean immigrant women in the United States. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 141–149.
Lee, M. Y., & Au, P. (1998). Chinese women in North America: Their experiences and treatment. In A. R. Roberts (Ed.), Battered women and their families (pp. 448–482). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Leung, P., & Cheung, M. (2008). A prevalence study on partner abuse in six Asian American ethnic groups in the USA. International Social Work, 51(5), 635–649.
Li, W., & Skop, E. (2007). Enclaves, Ethnoburbs, and new patterns of settlement among Asian immigrants. In M. Zhou & J. Gatewood (Eds.), Contemporary Asian America: A multi-disciplinary reader (2nd ed., pp. 222–236). New York: New York University Press.
Lueck, K., & Wilson, M. (2010). Acculturative stress in Asian immigrants: the impact of social and linguistic factors. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(1), 45–57.
Lyengar, R. (2009). Does the certainly of arrest reduce domestic violence? Evidence from mandatory and recommended arrest laws. Journal of Public Economics, 93, 85–98.
Midlarsky, E., Venkataramani-Kothari, A., & Plante, M. (2006). Domestic violence in the Chinese and South Asian immigrant communities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087, 279–300.
Min, P. G. (2013). The socioeconomic attainments of Korean Americans, compared to native-born Whites and other Asian groups, in the NY-NJ-CT CMSA: Generational differences. Research Report 5. The Research Center for Korean Community: Queens College of CUNY.
Morash, M., Bui, M., & Santiago, A. (2000). Gender specific ideology of domestic violence in Mexican origin families. International Review of Victimology, 1, 67–91.
Morash, M., Bui, H., Stevens, T., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Getting out of harm’s way: one-year outcomes for abused women in a Vietnamese immigrant enclave. Violence Against Women, 14(12), 1413–1429.
Murdaugh, C., Hunt, S., & Sowell, R. (2004). Domestic violence in Hispanics in the Southeastern United States: a survey and needs analysis. Journal of Family Violence, 19(2), 107–115.
Neff, L. A., & Broady, E. F. (2011). Stress resilience in early marriage: can practice make perfect? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(5), 1050–1067.
Negy, C., & Woods, D. (1992). A note on the relationship between acculturation and socioeconomic status. Hispanic Journal of Behavior Sciences, 14(2), 248–251.
Nilsson, J. E., Brown, C., Russel, E. B., & Khamphakdy-Brown, S. (2008). Acculturation, partner violence, and psychological distress in refuse women from Somalia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(11), 1654–1663.
Outlaw, M. (2009). No one type of intimate partner abuse: exploring physical and non-physical abuse among intimate partners. Journal of Family Violence, 24, 263–272.
Pan, J., & Wong, D. F. (2011). Acculturative stressors and acculturative strategies as predictors of negative affect among Chinese international students in Australia and Hong Kong: a cross-cultural comparative study. Academic Psychiatry, 35(6), 376–381.
Parish, W. L., Wang, T., Lumann, E. O., Pan, S., & Luo, Y. (2004). Intimate partner violence in China: national prevalence, risk factors and associated health problems. International Family Planning Perspectives, 30(4), 174–181.
Pico-Alfonso, M. A., Garcia-Linares, M. I., Celda-Navarro, N., Blasco-Ros, C., Echeburua, E., & Martinez, M. (2006). The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women’s mental health: depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide. Journal of Women’s Health (Larchmt), 15, 599–611.
Ping, R. (2009). Do sub-cultural norms survive immigration? - Cantonese and Mandarin fertility in the United States. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40(1), 25–46.
Poppitt, G., & Frey, R. (2007). Sudanese adolescent refugees: acculturation and acculturative stress. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling., 17(2), 160–181.
Raj, A., & Silverman, J. G. (2003). Immigrant South Asian women at greater risk for injury from intimate partner violence. American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 435–437.
Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149–152.
Sabina, C., Cuevas, C. A., & Schally, J. L. (2012). Help –seeking in a national sample of victimized Latino women: the influence of victimization types. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(1), 40–61.
Schneider, A. L. (1981). Methodological problems in victim surveys and their implications for research in victimology. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72(2), 818–838.
Shen, C. T. (2011). Cultural barriers to help-seeking among Taiwanese female victims of dating violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(7), 1343–1365.
Shibusawa, T., & Yick, A. (2007). Experiences and perceptions of intimate partner violence among older Chinese immigrants. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 19, 1–17.
Shin, H., & Abell, N. (1999). The homesickness and contentment scale: developing a culturally sensitive measure of adjustment for Asians. Research on Social Work Practice, 9, 45–60.
Smokowski, P. R., Rose, R. A., & Bacallao, M. (2009). Acculturation and aggression in Latino adolescents: modeling longitudinal trajectories from the Latino acculturation and health project. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40(4), 589–608.
Sodowsky, G. R., & Lai, E. M. (1997). Asian immigrant variables and structural models of cross-cultural distress. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & N. Landale (Eds.), Immigration and family: Research and policy on U.S. immigrants (pp. 211–234). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Sokoloff, N. J., & Dupont, I. (2005). Domestic Violence at the intersection of race, class, and gender: challenges and contributions to understanding violence against marginalized women in diverse communities. Violence Against Women, 11(1), 38–64.
Strauchler, O., McCloskey, K., Malloy, K., Sitaker, M., Grigsby, N. & Gillig, P. (2004). Humiliation, manipulation, and control: Evidence of centrality in domestic violence against an adult partner. Journal of Family Violence, 19(6), 339–354.
Taras, V. (2007). Instruments for measuring acculturation. Retrieved Feb. 24, 2014, from http://people.ucalgary.ca/~taras/_private/Acculturation_Survey_Catalogue.pdf.
Thoits, P. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 416–423.
Thompson, R., Bonomi, A. E., Anderson, M., Reid, R. J., Dimer, J. A., & Carrell, D. (2006). Intimate partner violence: prevalence, types and chronicity in adult women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(6), 447–457.
Titzmann, P. F., Silbereisen, R. K., & Mesch, G. (2014). Minor delinquency and immigration: a longitudinal study among male adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 271–282.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey (NCJ 183781). Washington: National Institute of Justice.
Vinokurov, A., Trickett, E. J., & Birman, D. (2002). Acculturative hassles and immigrant adolescents: a life-domain assessment for Soviet Jewish refugees. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 425–445.
Warner, T. D., Fishbein, D. H., & Krebs, C. P. (2010). The risk of assimilating? Alcohol use among immigrant and U.S.-born Mexican youth. Social Science Research, 39(1), 176–186.
Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Mallen, M. J., Ku, T. Y., Liao, K. Y.-S., & Wu, T. (2007). Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese internationals students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 385–394.
Wu, E. Y., & Mak, W. S. (2012). Acculturation process and distress: mediating roles of sociocultural adaptation and acculturative stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(1), 66–69.
Yick, A. G. (2000). Predictors of physical spousal/intimate violence in Chinese American families. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 249–267.
Yick, A. G., & Oomen-Early, J. (2008). A 16-year examination of domestic violence among Asians and Asian Americans in the empirical knowledge base: a content analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(8), 1075–1094.
Yoshioka, M. R., DiNoia, J., & Ullah, K. (2001). Attitudes toward marital violence: an examination of four Asian communities. Violence Against Women, 7(8), 900–926.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, C., Sung, H.E. The Effects of Acculturation on Intimate Partner Violence Among Chinese Immigrants in New York City. J Fam Viol 31, 325–336 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9761-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9761-3