Skip to main content
Log in

Thinking Styles and Coping when Caring for a Child with Severe Spina Bifida

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study now designed to identify the cognitive dimensions involved in coping and the psychological adjustment of parents of children with myelomeningocele. The study included 118 adults who were parents of children diagnosed with myelomeningocele. Comparison of means and regression analyses were performed to analyze variables and their contribution to parental adjustment. Significant differences were found for four thinking styles; coping based on Seeking Social Support and Positive Reappraisal was used frequently. The Internally Focused thinking style contributed the most to adjustment. The thinking styles identified help to detect stable responses associated with caring for children with myelomeningocele. Such responses may be good indicators of the way parents cope with their situation, allowing us to determine their adaptive efficacy and shedding light on designing interventions targeted at enhancing development of coping strategies in these kinds of situations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barakat, L. P., & Linney, J. A. (1995). Optimism, appraisals and coping in the adjustment of mothers, and their children with spina bifida. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 4(3), 303–320. doi:10.1007/BF02233965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, K. L. (2002). The influence of affective expression in the family and coping on the psychosocial adjustment of children with spina bifida (Thesis Dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York, 2001). Dissertation Abstract International, 62(12-B), 5954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N. (1983). Care of disabled children and woman’s time use. Medical Care, 21, 620–629. doi:10.1097/00005650-198306000-00004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Salkever, D., & Staruch, K. S. (1982a). Women’s labour force activity and responsibilities for disabled dependents: A study of families with disabled children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 169–183. doi:10.2307/2136513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Staruch, K. S., & Mortimer, E. A. (1982b). Psychological distress in mother of disabled children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 136, 682–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdeau, T. L., Mullins, L. L., Carpentier, M. Y., Colletti, C. J. M., & Wolfe-Christensen, C. (2007). An examination of parenting variables and child self-care behavior across disease groups. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(2), 125–134. doi:10.1007/s10882-007-9037-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleve, L. V. (1989). Parental coping in response to their child’s spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 4(3), 172–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Arcy, E. (1968). Congenital defects: Mothers’ reactions to first information. British Medical Journal, 3, 796–798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drotar, D., Baskiewicz, A., Irvin, N. A., Kennell, J. H., & Klaus, M. H. (1975). The adaptation of parents to the birth of an infant with a congenital malformation: A hypothetical model. Pediatrics, 56, 710–717.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, E., Tew, B., & Laurence, K. M. (1987). The fathers of children with spina bifida. Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie, 41(1), 42–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, C. A., & Fishman, D. B. (1971). Maternal correlates of self-esteem and overall adjustment in children with birth defects. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 1, 255–265. doi:10.1007/BF01441088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Manual for the Ways of Coping. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 992–1003. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeston, B. M. (1971). An inquiry into the effect of a spina bifida child upon family. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 13, 456–461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, V. B. (2007). Comparison of parenting stress in different developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(4), 417–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, E. H., Laurence, K., & Payne, H. (1966). Spina bifida cystica and family stress. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 2, 757–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. H. P., & Greenway, A. P. (1982). How parent attitudes and emotional reactions affect their physically handicapped child’s self-concept. Psychological Medicine, 12, 357–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmbeck, G. N., Gorey-Ferguson, L., Hudson, T., & Seefeld, T. (1997). Maternal, paternal and marital functioning in families of preadolescents with spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(2), 167–181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmbeck, G. N., Coakley, R. M., Hommeyer, J. S., Shapera, W. E., & Westhoven, V. C. (2002). Observed and perceived dyadic and systemic functioning in families of preadolescents with spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(2), 177–189. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.2.177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hortons, T. V., Venters, T., & Wallander, J. L. (2001). Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions. Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 382–399. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.46.4.382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irvin, N. A., Kennell, J. H., & Klaus, M. H. (1976). Caring for parents of an infant with a congenital malformation. In M. H. Klaus & J. H. Kennell (Eds.), Maternal-infant bonding, pp. 167–208. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, P. M., & Griffin, T. (2001). Between joy and sorrow: being a parent of a child with developmental disability. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(5), 582–592. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01787.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirpalani, H. M., Parkin, P. C., Willan, A. R., Fehlings, D. L., Rosenbaum, P. L., King, D., et al. (2000). Quality of life in spina bifida: Importance o parental hope. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 83, 293–297. doi:10.1136/adc.83.4.293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolin, I. S., Scherzer, A. L., New, B., & Garfield, M. (1971). Studies of school-age child with meningomyelocele: Social and emotional adaptation. The Journal of Pediatrics, 78, 1013–1019. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(71) 80432-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberger, W. G., & Thompson, R,. Jr. (1992a). Medical stress, and the psychological adjustment of mothers of children with myelomeningocele. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 13, 405–411. doi:10.1097/00004703-199212000-00004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberger, W. G., & Thompson, R,. Jr. (1992b). Psychological adaptation of mothers of children with spina bifida: Association with dimensions of social relationship. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 17, 1–14. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/17.1.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (2000). Stress and emotion. A new synthesis. London: Free Association Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal and coping. Springer: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Limiñana, R. M., Corbalán, F. J., & Patró, R. (2007). Afrontamiento y adaptación psicológica en padres de niños con fisura palatina. Anales de Psicología, 23(2), 201–206. Coping and psychological adaptation in children with split palate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macias, M. M., Clifford, S. C., Saylor, C. E., & Kreh, S. (2001). Predictors of parenting stress in families of children with spina bifida. Children's Health Care, 30(1), 57–65. doi:10.1207/S15326888CHC3001_5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macias, M. M., Saylor, C. F., Rowe, B. P., & Bell, N. L. (2003). Age-related parenting stress differences in mothers of children with spina bifida. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1223–1232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P. (1975). Marital breakdown in families of children with spina bifida cystica. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 17, 757–763.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millon, T. (1994). Millon Index of Personality Styles. San Antonio. TX: The Psychological Corporation. [Spanish adaptation: M. P. Sánchez-López, J. F. Díaz, & M. Aparicio (2001). MIPS: Inventario de Estilos de Personalidad de Millon. Madrid: TEA].

    Google Scholar 

  • Millon, T., & Davis, R. (1996). Disorders of personality: DSM-IV and beyond. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R. H., & Schaefer, J. A. (1993). Coping resources and processes: Current concepts and measures. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: theoretical and clinical aspects, pp. 234–257. Nueva York: Free.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noojin, A. B. (1998). Stress, self-appraised problem-solving ability, copping, and adjustment in mother of children with physical disabilities. Dissertation-Abstracts-International. Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 58(9-B), 5134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noojin, A. B., & Wallander, J. L. (1996). Development and evaluation of a measure of concerns related to raising a child with a physical disability. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21(4), 483–498. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/21.4.483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson, J. J., Foltz, J., & Foxall, M. J. (1992). Stress and coping in families of children with myelomeningocele. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6, 287–295. doi:10.1016/0883-9417(92) 90040-P.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez Cánovas, J. (1991). Evaluación de las estrategias de afrontamiento [Assessment of coping strategies]. In G. Buela-Casals & V. E. Caballo (Eds.), Manual de psicología clínica aplicada [Handbook of applied clinical psychology] (pp. 247–270). : Madrid Siglo XXI.

  • Schwartz, C. (2003). Parent of children with chronic disabilities: The gratification of caregiving. Families in Society, 84(4), 576–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, D. K. (2003). Families of children with Spina Bífida: A review. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 15(1), 37–55. doi:10.1023/A:1021452220291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solnit, A. J., & Stark, M. H. (1961). Mourning and the birth of a defective child. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16, 523–537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J., & Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, 249–288. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tew, B. J., & Laurence, K. M. (1973). Mother, brothers and sisters of patients with spina bifida. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 15(29), 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tew, B. J., & Laurence, K. M. (1974). Must a family with a handicapped child be a handicapped family? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 16(32), 95–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tew, B. J., Laurence, K. M., Payne, H., & Rawnsley, K. (1977). Marital stability following the birth of a child with spina bifida. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 79–82. doi:10.1192/bjp. 131.1.79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varni, J. W., & Wallander, J. L. (1988). Pediatric chronic disabilities. Hemophilia and spina bifida as examples. In D. K. Routh (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology, pp. 190–221. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermaes, I., Janssens, J., Bosman, A., & Guerras, J. (2005). Parents’ psychological adjustment in families of children with spina bifida: A meta-analysis. BMC Pediatrics, 5, 32. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-5-32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. H., Thomas, M., & Russell, I. T. (1971). Spina bifida and the parents. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 13, 462–476.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallander, J. L., & Noojin, A. B. (1995). Mothers’ report of stressful experiences related to having a child with a physical disability. Children's Health Care, 24(4), 245–256. doi:10.1207/s15326888chc2404_4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallander, J. L., & Varni, J. W. (1998). Effects of pediatric chronic physical disorders on child and family adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 39, 29–46. doi:10.1017/S0021963097001741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallander, J. L., & Venters, T. L. (1995). Perceived role restriction and adjustment of mothers of children with chronic physical disability. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 619–632. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/20.5.619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1980). Internacional Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps. A manual of classification relating to the consequences of disease. Ginebra: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosa M. Limiñana Gras.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Limiñana Gras, R.M., Corbalán Berná, J. & Sánchez López, P. Thinking Styles and Coping when Caring for a Child with Severe Spina Bifida. J Dev Phys Disabil 21, 169–183 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-009-9133-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-009-9133-0

Keywords

Navigation