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Attentional bias for prescription opioid cues among opioid dependent chronic pain patients

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Abstract

Recurrent use of prescription opioid analgesics by chronic pain patients may result in opioid dependence, which involves implicit neurocognitive operations that organize and impel craving states and compulsive drug taking behavior. Prior studies have identified an attentional bias (AB) towards heroin among heroin dependent individuals. The aim of this study was to determine whether opioid-dependent chronic pain patients exhibit an AB towards prescription opioid-related cues. Opioid-dependent chronic pain patients (n = 32) and a comparison group of non-dependent opioid users with chronic pain (n = 33) completed a dot probe task designed to measure opioid AB. Participants also rated their opioid craving and self-reported arousal associated with opioid-related and neutral images, pain severity, and relief from pain treatments. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant group (opioid-dependent vs. non-dependent opioid user) × presentation duration (200. vs. 2,000 ms.) interaction, such that opioid-dependent individuals evidenced a significant AB towards opioid cues presented for 200 ms but not for cues presented for 2,000 ms, whereas non-dependent opioid users did not exhibit a significant mean AB at either stimulus duration. Among opioid-dependent individuals, 200 ms opioid AB was significantly associated with opioid craving, while among non-dependent opioid users, 200 ms opioid AB was significantly associated with relief from pain treatments. Furthermore, dependent and non-dependent opioid users experienced opioid cues as significantly more arousing than neutral cues. Opioid dependence among chronic pain patients appears to involve an automatic AB towards opioid-related cues. When coupled with chronic pain, attentional fixation on opioid cues may promote compulsive drug use and addictive behavior.

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Acknowledgments

The first author (E.L.G.) was supported in developing this manuscript by Grant Number DA032517 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse, a grant from the Fahs Beck Fund for Research and Experimentation, and a grant from the Florida State University Council on Research and Creativity. We would like to thank Jaclyn Williams, Olivia Garrison, Susan Howell, and Hillary Gale for their assistance in data collection and data entry.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Trinity Institute for the Addictions, College of Social Work, Florida State University, University Center, Building C, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-2570, USA

    Eric L. Garland

  2. Health Behavior Neuroscience Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Brett E. Froeliger

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA

    Steven D. Passik

  4. School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Matthew O. Howard

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  1. Eric L. Garland
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Correspondence to Eric L. Garland.

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Garland, E.L., Froeliger, B.E., Passik, S.D. et al. Attentional bias for prescription opioid cues among opioid dependent chronic pain patients. J Behav Med 36, 611–620 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9455-8

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