Abstract
Porous graphitic carbons were obtained from wood precursors using Ni as a graphitization catalyst during pyrolysis. The structure of the resulting material retains that of the original wood precursors with highly aligned, hierarchical porosity. Thermal characterization was performed by means of thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, and the onset temperature for graphitization was determined to be ~900 °C. Structural and microstructural characterization was performed by means of electron microscopy, electron and x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of maximum pyrolysis temperature on the degree of graphitization was assessed. No significant temperature effect was detected by means of Raman scattering in the range of 1000–1400 °C, but at temperatures over the melting point of the catalyst, the formation of graphite grains with long-range order was detected.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sevilla M, Fuertes AB (2013) Fabrication of porous carbon monoliths with a graphitic framework. Carbon 56:155–166
Ruiz V, Blanco C, Santamaria R et al (2009) An activated carbon monolith as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Carbon 47:195–200
Garcia-Gomez A, Miles P, Centeno TA, Rojo JM (2010) Why carbon monoliths are better supercapacitor electrodes than compacted pellets. Electrochem Solid State 13:A112–A114
Sevilla M, Fuertes AB, Mokaya R (2011) Preparation and hydrogen storage capacity of highly porous activated carbon materials derived from polythiophene. Int J Hydrogen Energy 36:15658–15663
Gogotsi Y, Portet C, Osswald S et al (2009) Importance of pore size in high-pressure hydrogen storage by porous carbons. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:6314–6319
Eltmimi AH, Barron L, Rafferty A et al (2010) Preparation, characterisation and modification of carbon-based monolithic rods for chromatographic applications. J Sep Sci 33:1231–1243
Church TL, Fallani S, Liu J, Zhao M, Harris AT (2012) Novel biomorphic Ni/SiC catalysts that enhance cellulose conversion to hydrogen. Catal Today 190:98–106
Guo YG, Hu JS, Wan LJ (2008) Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Adv Mater 20:2878–2887
Sevilla M, Sanchis C, Valdes-Solis T, Morallon E, Fuertes AB (2007) Synthesis of graphitic carbon nanostructures from sawdust and their application as electrocatalyst supports. J Phys Chem C 111:9749–9756
Sevilla M, Fuertes AB (2009) The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose. Carbon 47:2281–2289
Sevilla M, Fuertes AB (2010) Graphitic carbon nanostructures from cellulose. Chem Phys Lett 490:63–68
Glatzel S, Schnepp Z, Giordano C (2013) From paper to structured carbon electrodes by inkjet printing. Angew Chem Int Edit 52:2355–2358
Peng C, Yan XB, Wang RT, Lang JW, Ou YJ, Xue QJ (2013) Promising activated carbons derived from waste tea-leaves and their application in high performance supercapacitors electrodes. Electrochim Acta 87:401–408
Liu MC, Kong LB, Zhang P, Luo YC, Kang L (2012) Porous wood carbon monolith for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 60:443–448
Byrne CE, Nagle DC (1997) Cellulose derived composites—A new method for materials processing. Mater Res Innov 1:137–144
Byrne CE, Nagle DC (1997) Carbonization of wood for advanced materials applications. Carbon 35:259–266
Oya A, Marsh H (1982) Phenomena of catalytic graphitization. J Mater Sci 17:309–322. doi:10.1007/BF00591464
Byrne CE, Nagle DC (1997) Carbonized wood monoliths—characterization. Carbon 35:267–273
Cheng HM, Endo H, Okabe T, Saito K, Zheng GB (1999) Graphitization behavior of wood ceramics and bamboo ceramics as determined by X-ray diffraction. J Porous Mater 6:233–237
Pappacena KE, Gentry SP, Wilkes TE et al (2009) Effect of pyrolyzation temperature on wood-derived carbon and silicon carbide. J Eur Ceram Soc 29:3069–3077
Johnson MT, Faber KT (2011) Catalytic graphitization of three-dimensional wood-derived porous scaffolds. J Mater Res 26:18–25
Sadezky A, Muckenhuber H, Grothe H, Niessner R, Poschl U (2005) Raman micro spectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: spectral analysis and structural information. Carbon 43:1731–1742
Steiner SA, Baumann TF, Bayer BC et al (2009) Nanoscale zirconia as a nonmetallic catalyst for graphitization of carbon and growth of single- and multiwall carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 131:12144–12154
Kercher AK, Nagle DC (2002) Evaluation of carbonized medium-density fiberboard for electrical applications. Carbon 40:1321–1330
Kercher AK, Nagle DC (2003) Microstructural evolution during charcoal carbonization by X-ray diffraction analysis. Carbon 41:15–27
Masters KJ, Mcenaney B (1984) The development of structure and microporosity in cellulose carbon. Carbon 22:595–601
Oya A, Yoshida S, Alcanizmonge J, Linaressolano A (1995) Formation of mesopores in phenolic resin-derived carbon-fiber by catalytic activation using cobalt. Carbon 33:1085–1090
Kaarik M, Arulepp M, Karelson M, Leis J (2008) The effect of graphitization catalyst on the structure and porosity of SiC derived carbons. Carbon 46:1579–1587
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Junta de Andalucía under grant No. P09-TEP-5152. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements were performed at the CITIUS central services of the University of Seville. Raman scattering measurements were performed at the ICMS. A. Gutiérrez-Pardo is grateful to the Junta de Andalucía for a predoctoral grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gutiérrez-Pardo, A., Ramírez-Rico, J., de Arellano-López, A.R. et al. Characterization of porous graphitic monoliths from pyrolyzed wood. J Mater Sci 49, 7688–7696 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8477-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8477-8