Abstract
We demonstrate terahertz (THz) imaging and spectroscopy of single-layer graphene deposited on an intrinsic Si substrate using THz time-domain spectroscopy. A single-cycle THz pulse undergoes multiple internal reflections within the Si substrate, and the THz absorption by the graphene layer accumulates through the multiple interactions with the graphene/Si interface. We exploit the large absorption of the multiply reflected THz pulses to acquire high-contrast THz images of graphene. We obtain local sheet conductivity of the graphene layer analyzing the transmission data with thin-film Fresnel formula based on the Drude model.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Berger, Z. Song, X. Li, X. Wu, N. Brown, C. Naud, D. Mayou, T. Li, J. Hass, A. N. Marchenkov, E. H. Conrad, P. N. First, and W. A. de Heer, “Electronic confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene,” Science 312, 1191-1196 (2006).
Keun Soo Kim, Yue Zhao, Houk Jang, Sang Yoon Lee, Jong Min Kim, Kwang S. Kim, Jong-Hyun Ahn, Philip Kim, Jae-Young Choi, and Byung Hee Hong, “Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes,” Nature 457, 706-710 (2009).
X. Li , W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S. K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, and R. S. Ruoff, “Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils,” Science 324(5932), 1312-1314 (2009).
Y. Lee, S. Bae, H. Jang, S. Jang, S.-E. Zhu, S. H. Sim, Y. I. Song, B. H., Hong, and J.-H. Ahn, “Wafer-Scale Synthesis and Transfer of Graphene Films”, Nano Letters 10, 490-493 (2010).
Y. M. Lin, C. Dimitrakopoulos, K. A. Jenkins, D. B. Farmer, H.-Y. Chiu, A. Grill, and Ph. Avouris, “100-GHz transistors from wafer-scale epitaxial graphene ,” Science 327, 662 (2010).
F. Xia, D. B. Farmer, Y. M. Lin, and Ph. Avouris, “Graphene Field-Effect Transistors with High On/Off Current Ratio and Large Transport Band Gap at Room Temperature”, Nano Letters 10, 715-718 (2010).
S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, S. Xu, J.-S. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishnan, T. Lei, H. R. Kim, Y. I. Song, Y. J. Kim, K. S. Kim, B. Özyilmaz, J.-H. Ahn, B. H. Hong, and S. Iijima, “Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes,” Nature Nanotech. 5, 574-578 (2010).
X. Du, I. Skachko, A. Barker, and E. Y. Andrei, “Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene”, Nature Nanotech. 3, 491-495 (2008).
A. H. Castro Neto, F Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109-162 (2009).
G. Eda, G. Fanchini, and M. Chhowalla, “Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material”, Nature Nanotech. 3, 270 - 274 (2008).
X. Li, Y. Zhu, W Cai, M. Borysiak, B. Han, D. Chen, R. D. Piner, L. Colombo, and R.S. Ruoff, “Transfer of Large-Area Graphene Films for High-Performance Transparent Conductive Electrodes,” Nano Letters 9, 4359-4363 (2009).
M. Tonouchi, “Cutting-edge terahertz technology,” Nature Photon. 1, 97 (2007).
H. Choi, F. Borondics, D. A. Siegel, S. Y. Zhou, M. C. Martin, A. Lanzara, and R. A. Kaindl, “Broadband electromagnetic response and ultrafast dynamics of few-layer epitaxial graphene”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 172102 (2009).
J. L. Tomaino, A. D. Jameson, J. W. Kevek, M. J. Paul, A. M. van der Zande, R. A. Barton, P. L. McEuen, E. D. Minot, and Yun-Shik Lee, “Terahertz Imaging and Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Large-Area Single-Layer Graphene,” Opt. Express 19, 141-146 (2011).
A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A. K. Geim, “Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006).
S. Pisana, M. Lazzeri, C. Casiraghi, K. S. Novoselov , A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari, and F. Mauri “Breakdown of the adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer approximation in graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 198-201 (2007).
Acknowledgement
The work at Oregon State University was supported by Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute, National Science Foundation (DMR-1063632), and National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2011-220-D00052) which also supported the work at the Yonsei University. The work at the Yonsei University was supported by the Basic Research Program through the NRF of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (2011-0013255). The work at Cornell was supported by the NSF through the Cornell Center for Materials Research (CCMR), the MARCO Focused Research Center on Materials, Structures, and Devices and the AFOSR. Sample Fabrication was performed at the Cornell node of the National Nanofabrication Infrastructure Network, which is supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant ECS-0335765).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tomaino, J.L., Jameson, A.D., Paul, M.J. et al. High-Contrast Imaging of Graphene via Time-Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves 33, 839–845 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-012-9889-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-012-9889-7