References
Acharya, M., and Bennett, L. (1981). Rural Women of Nepal: An Aggregate Analysis and Summary of 8 Village Studies. Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Tribhuvan University.
Agarwal, B. (2009). Gender and Forest Conservation: The Impact of Women’s Participation in Community Forest Governance. Ecological Economics 68(11): 2785–2799.
Agarwal, B. (2010). Does Women’s Proportional Strength Affect Their Participation? Governing Local Forests in South Asia. World Development 38(1): 98–112.
Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
Arjunan, M., Holmes, C., Puyravaud, J. P., and Davidar, P. (2006). Do Developmental Initiatives Influence Local Attitudes Toward Conservation? A Case Study from the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. Journal of Environmental Management 79(2): 188–197.
Arya, S. L. (2007). Women and Watershed Development in India: Issues and Strategies. Indian Journal of Gender Studies 14(2): 199–230.
Atkeson, L. R., and Rapoport, R. B. (2003). The More Things Change the More they Stay the Same: Examining Gender Differences in Political Attitude Expression, 1952–2000. Public Opinion Quarterly 67(4): 495.
Baral, N., and Heinen, J. T. (2007). Resources Use, Conservation Attitudes, Management Intervention and Park-People Relations in The Western Terai Landscape of Nepal. Environmental Conservation 34(1): 64–72.
Chhetri, R. B., Timsina, N. P., Luintel, H., Regmi, R., Bhattarai, B., Magar, R. A., Sannyashi, N., et al. (2008). Decentralization and Promotion of Women’s Rights in Nepal: Exploring Constraints, Opportunities and Intervention Avenues. IDRC.
Deda, P., and Rubian, R. (2004). Women and Biodiversity: The Long Journey from Users to Policy-Makers. Natural Resources Forum 28(3): 201–204.
Department of Forestry. (2011). Retrieved December 16, 2011, from http://www.dof.gov.np/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64%3Aprogrammes&catid=51%3Aprogrammes&Itemid=1.
FAO (2011). The State of Food and Agriculture Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development. FAO, Rome.
Gillingham, S., and Lee, P. C. (1999). The Impact of Wildlife-Related Benefits on the Conservation Attitudes of Local People Around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania. Environmental Conservation 26(3): 218–228.
Howard, P. (2003). The Major Importance of “minor” Resources: Women and Plant Biodiversity. IIED Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme, London.
Kalof, L., Dietz, T., Guagnano, G., and Stern, P. C. (2002). Race, Gender and Environmentalism: The Atypical Values and Beliefs of White Men. Race Gender and Class 9(2): 112–130.
Martino, D. (2008). Gender and Urban Perceptions of Nature and Protected Areas in Banados Del Este Biosphere Reserve. Environmental Management 41(5): 654–662.
Miles, M. B., and Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. Sage Publications.
Mohai, P. (1992). Men, Women, and the Environment: An Examination of the Gender Gap in Environmental Concern and Activism. Society and Natural Resources 5(1): 1–19.
Mondak, J. J., and Anderson, M. R. (2004). The Knowledge Gap: A Reexamination of Gender–Based Differences in Political Knowledge. Journal of Politics 66(2): 492–512.
Ogra, M. (2008). Human-wildlife Conflict and Gender in Protected Area Borderlands: A Case Study of Costs, Perceptions, and Vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), India. Geoforum 39(3): 1408–1422 doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.12.004.
Ogra, M., and Badola, R. (2008). Compensating Human–Wildlife Conflict in Protected Area Communities: Ground-Level Perspectives from Uttarakhand, India. Human Ecology 36(5): 717–729 doi:10.1007/s10745-008-9189-y.
Ojha, H., Persha, L., & Chhatre, A. (2009). Community Forestry in Nepal: A policy Innovation for Local Livelihoods and Food Security.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, 2nd ed. Sage Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks.
Pradhan, B. (1985). The role of women in household production systems and rice farming in Nepal. Women in rice farming: proceedings of a conference on women in rice farming systems (pp. 257–86). Int Rice Res Inst
Rapoport, R. B. (1981). The Sex Gap in Political Persuading: Where the “Structuring Principle” Works. American Journal of Political Science 25(1): 32–48.
Rapoport, R. B. (1982). Sex Differences in Attitude Expression: A Generational Explanation. Public Opinion Quarterly 46(1): 86–96.
Rocheleau, D. E. (1995). Gender and Biodiversity: A Feminist Political Ecology Perspective. IDS Bulletin 26(1): 9–16.
Tindall, D. B., Davies, S., and Mauboules, C. (2003). Activism and Conservation Behavior in an Environmental Movement: The Contradictory Effects of Gender. Society and Natural Resources 16(10): 909–932.
Upadhyay, B. (2005). Women and Natural Resource Management: Illustrations from India and Nepal. Natural Resources Forum 29(3): 224–232.
Westermann, O., Ashby, J., and Pretty, J. (2005). Gender and Social Capital: The Importance of Gender Differences for the Maturity and Effectiveness of Natural Resource Management Groups. World Development 33(11): 1783–1799.
Xiao, C., and Hong, D. (2010). Gender Differences in Environmental Behaviors in China. Population and Environment 32(1): 88–104.
Xu, J. Y., Chen, L. D., Lu, Y. H., and Fu, B. J. (2006). Local People’s Perceptions as Decision Support for Protected Area Management in Wolong Biosphere Reserve, China. Journal of Environmental Management 78(4): 362–372.
Zelezny, L. C., Chua, P., and Aldrich, C. (2000). New Ways of Thinking About Environmentalism: Elaborating on Gender Differences in Environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues 56(3): 443–457.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Allendorf, T.D., Allendorf, K. The Role of Gender in Park-People Relationships in Nepal. Hum Ecol 40, 789–796 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9510-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9510-7