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Discrete wetland groundwater discharges revealed with a three-dimensional temperature model and botanical indicators (Boxford, UK)

Exfiltrations discrètes en zone humide révélées par un modèle thermique tridimensionnel et par des indicateurs botaniques (Boxford, UK)

Las descargas de agua subterránea discretas en humedales reveladas con un modelo tridimensional de temperatura e indicadores botánicos (Boxford, Reino Unido)

采用三维温度模型和植物指标揭示分散的湿地地下水排泄(英国,博克斯福德)

Descargas discretas de água subterrânea em zonas húmidas identificadas com um modelo tridimensional de temperatura e com indicadores botânicos (Boxford, Reino Unido)

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Abstract

Wetlands provide unique goods and services, as habitats of high biodiversity. Hydrology is the principal control on wetland functioning; hence, understanding the water source is fundamental. However, groundwater inflows may be discrete and easily missed. Research techniques are required with low cost and minimal impact in sensitive settings. In this study, the effectiveness of using a three-dimensional (3D) temperature model and botanical indicators to characterise groundwater discharge is explored at the CEH (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology) River Lambourn Observatory, Boxford, UK. This comprises a 10 ha lowland riparian wetland, designated for its scientific interest and conservation value. Temperature data were collected in winter at multiple depths down to 0.9 m over approximately 3.6 ha and transformed into a 3D model via ordinary kriging. Anomalous warm zones indicated distinct areas of groundwater upwelling which were concurrent with relic channel structures. Lateral heat propagation from the channels was minimal and restricted to within 5–10 m. Vertical temperature sections within the channels suggest varying degrees of groundwater discharge along their length. Hydrochemical analysis showed that warmer peat waters were akin to deeper aquifer waters, confirming the temperature anomalies as areas of groundwater discharge. Subsequently, a targeted vegetation survey identified Carex paniculata as an indicator of groundwater discharge. The upwelling groundwater contains high concentrations of nitrate which is considered to support the spatially restricted growth of Carex paniculata against a background of poor fen communities located in reducing higher-phosphate waters.

Résumé

Les zones humides apportent des retombées économiques par les habitats de grande biodiversité. L’hydrologie est le principal contrôle du fonctionnement d’une zone humide, et c’est pourquoi la compréhension du mécanisme d’alimentation en eau est fondamentale. Toutefois, les venues d’eau souterraine peuvent être discrètes et difficilement localisables. Des techniques de mise en évidence de faible coût ayant un impact minimum sur les milieux sensibles sont requises. Dans cette étude, l’efficacité de l’utilisation d’un modèle thermique tridimensionnel (3D) et d’indicateurs botaniques pour localiser les venues d’eau souterraine est explorée sur l’observatoire de la rivière Lambourn par le CEH (Centre d’études pour l’Ecologie et l’Hydrologie). Cet observatoire comprend une zone humide basse de 10 ha le long du cours d’eau, retenu pour son intérêt scientifique et sa valeur de conservation des espèces. Les données de températures ont été mesurées en hiver en de multiples points jusqu’à 0.9 m de profondeur sur environ 3.6 ha et représentées dans un modèle 3D par krigeage. Les zones avec des anomalies chaudes indiquent des zones distinctes de montée d’eaux souterraines correspondant à d’anciens chenaux en charge. La propagation latérale de la chaleur à partir des chenaux est minimale et limitée à 5–10 m. Les profils verticaux de températures dans les chenaux suggèrent des degrés variables de décharge d’eau souterraine. Les analyses hydrochimiques montrent que les eaux plus chaudes de tourbière sont analogues à celles d’aquifères plus profonds, confirmant que les anomalies de température correspondent à des aires de décharge d’eau souterraine. Par la suite, une étude botanique ciblée identifie Carex paniculata comme indicateur de la décharge d’eau souterraine. L’eau souterraine ascendante présente une grande concentration en nitrates, ce qui est considéré comme favorable à la croissance de Carex paniculata sur des surfaces restreintes contrastant avec contexte de communautés de marais situées dans des zones d’eaux réductrices plus riches en phosphates.

Resumen

Los humedales proporcionan productos económicos únicos como hábitats de alta biodiversidad. La hidrología es el control principal del funcionamiento de un humedal, por lo tanto entender las fuentes de agua resulta fundamental. Sin embargo, las entradas de agua subterránea pueden ser discretas y fácilmente perdidas. Se requieren técnicas de investigación de bajos costos e impactos mínimos en configuraciones sensibles. En este estudio, se explora la efectividad de usar un modelo de temperatura tridimensional (3D) e indicadores botánicos para caracterizar la descarga de agua subterránea en el CEH (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology) River Lambourn Observatory, Boxford, Reino Unido. Este comprende un humedal ripariano de tierras bajas de 10-ha, seleccionado por su interés científico y su valor de conservación. Los datos de temperatura se recolectaron en invierno a profundidades múltiples de hasta 0.9 m sobre aproximadamente 3.6 ha y transformados en un modelo 3D a través de un krigeado común. Las zonas anómalas cálidas indicaron distintas áreas de surgencia de agua subterránea las que eran concurrentes con estructuras de canales relictos. La propagación lateral del calor de los canales fue mínima y restringida hasta dentro de unos 5–10 m. Las secciones verticales de temperatura dentro de los canales sugieren varios grados de descarga de agua subterránea a lo largo de su longitud. Los análisis hidroquímicos mostraron que aguas más cálidas de turba eran similares a las aguas de acuíferos más profundos, confirmando las anomalías de las temperaturas como áreas de descarga de agua subterránea. Subsecuentemente, un relevamiento específico de la vegetación identificó a Carex paniculata como un indicador de descarga de agua subterránea. El agua subterránea surgente contiene altas concentraciones de nitrato el cual se considera responsable del crecimiento espacialmente restringido de Carex paniculata contra un fondo de comunidades pantanosas pobres localizadas en aguas reductoras de altos fosfatos.

摘要

湿地作为高度的生物多样性栖息地提供了独一无二的经济产出。对湿地运行来说,水文条件是主要的控制因素,因此,了解水源是最基本的。然而,地下水的流入可能是分散的,而且容易被错过。在敏感的背景下这就需要成本低和影响最小的研究技术。本研究中,探讨了在英国博克斯福德Lambourn河观测站生态和水文中心采用三维温度模型和植物指标描述地下水排泄的有效性。这个中心包括一个10公顷的低地滨河湿地,由于其科学兴趣和保护价值而选定此地。冬季在大约3.6公顷的范围内收集了地下0.9米内不同深度的温度数据,并通过普通克里格转换成三维模型。异常温度带显示了地下水上涌的明显区域,地下水上涌一般出现在残留的渠道构造上。渠道的侧向热传播很小,并限制在5-10米之内。渠道内的垂向温度截面显示出地下水沿其长度排泄的程度不同。水文化学分析显示较热的泥碳水类似于深层的含水层水,证实了作为地下水排泄区的温度异常现象。随后的目标植被调查确定苔属植物作为地下水排泄的指标。上涌的地下水硝酸盐含量很高,在降低的磷酸盐含量高的水中糟糕的沼泽背景下,很可能支撑着空间上受限的苔属植物的生长。

Resumo

As zonas húmidas providenciam estruturas económicas únicas como habitats de grande biodiversidade. O principal controlo sobre o funcionamento de zonas húmidas é a hidrologia, pelo que é fundamental compreender a origem da água. No entanto, os fluxos de água subterrânea podem ser discretos, e por isso facilmente ignorados. São necessárias técnicas de pesquisa com baixo custo e mínimo impacte em ambientes sensíveis. Neste estudo, para caraterizar a descarga de águas subterrâneas, é testada a eficácia do uso de um modelo de temperatura tridimensional (3D) e indicadores botânicos, explorados no CEH (Centro de Ecologia e Hidrologia) do Observatório do Rio Lambourn, Boxford, Reino Unido. Este estudo compreende uma zona húmida ripícola numa planície de 10 ha, escolhida pelo seu interesse científico e valor conservacionista. Os dados de temperatura foram coletados no inverno a várias profundidades até aos 0.9 m, ao longo de aproximadamente 3.6 ha e transformados num modelo 3D através de krigagem simples. Zonas com anomalias quentes indicaram áreas distintas com ascensão de águas subterrâneas que concorrem com estruturas de paleocanais. A propagação de calor lateral a partir dos canais foi mínima e restrita a 5–10 m. Secções verticais de temperatura dentro dos canais sugerem diferentes graus de descarga de água subterrânea ao longo do comprimento. As análises hidroquímicas mostraram que as águas mais quentes de turfa são semelhantes às águas mais profundas do aquífero, confirmando as anomalias de temperatura como áreas de descarga de águas subterrâneas. Posteriormente, um levantamento da vegetação alvo identificou a Carex paniculata como um indicador de descarga de águas subterrâneas. As águas subterrâneas ascendentes contêm altas concentrações de nitrato, que é considerado o suporte para o crescimento, espacialmente restrito, de Carex paniculata, contra um fundo pobre de comunidades pantanosas, localizadas em águas redutoras com elevado teor de fosfato.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks go to Henry Holbrook for illustration of Fig. 9. Funding for the study was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). J. Sorensen, D. Gooddy, A. Newell, B. Marchant and P. Williams publish with the permission of the Executive Director of the British Geological Survey.

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House, A.R., Sorensen, J.P.R., Gooddy, D.C. et al. Discrete wetland groundwater discharges revealed with a three-dimensional temperature model and botanical indicators (Boxford, UK). Hydrogeol J 23, 775–787 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1242-5

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