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Rapid automated method for on-site determination of sulfadiazine in fish farming: a stainless steel veterinary syringe coated with a selective membrane of PVC serving as a potentiometric detector in a flow-injection-analysis system

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Abstract

Sulfadiazine is an antibiotic of the sulfonamide group and is used as a veterinary drug in fish farming. Monitoring it in the tanks is fundamental to control the applied doses and avoid environmental dissemination. Pursuing this goal, we included a novel potentiometric design in a flow-injection assembly. The electrode body was a stainless steel needle veterinary syringe of 0.8-mm inner diameter. A selective membrane of PVC acted as a sensory surface. Its composition, the length of the electrode, and other flow variables were optimized. The best performance was obtained for sensors of 1.5-cm length and a membrane composition of 33% PVC, 66% o-nitrophenyloctyl ether, 1% ion exchanger, and a small amount of a cationic additive. It exhibited Nernstian slopes of 61.0 mV decade-1 down to 1.0 × 10-5 mol L-1, with a limit of detection of 3.1 × 10-6 mol L-1 in flowing media. All necessary pH/ionic strength adjustments were performed online by merging the sample plug with a buffer carrier of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, pH 4.9. The sensor exhibited the advantages of a fast response time (less than 15 s), long operational lifetime (60 days), and good selectivity for chloride, nitrite, acetate, tartrate, citrate, and ascorbate. The flow setup was successfully applied to the analysis of aquaculture waters. The analytical results were validated against those obtained with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry procedures. The sampling rate was about 84 samples per hour and recoveries ranged from 95.9 to 106.9%.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/FEDER by means of project PTDC/AGR-AAM/68359/2006 and a PhD grant to S.A.A.A. (SFRH/BD/42509/2007).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BioMark/ISEP, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, 4200-02, Porto, Portugal

    S. A. A. Almeida & M. G. F. Sales

  2. INSA-Porto, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge-Porto, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal

    S. A. A. Almeida & A. H. Heitor

  3. REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, 4050-047, Porto, Portugal

    S. A. A. Almeida & M. C. B. S. M. Montenegro

  4. LNIV, Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Vila do Conde, 4485-655, Vairão, Portugal

    J. Barbosa & L. C. Sá

  5. BioMark, Sensor Research, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida no 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal

    L. R. Amorim & M. G. F. Sales

Authors
  1. S. A. A. Almeida
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  2. L. R. Amorim
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  3. A. H. Heitor
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  4. M. C. B. S. M. Montenegro
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  5. J. Barbosa
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  6. L. C. Sá
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  7. M. G. F. Sales
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Correspondence to M. G. F. Sales.

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Almeida, S.A.A., Amorim, L.R., Heitor, A.H. et al. Rapid automated method for on-site determination of sulfadiazine in fish farming: a stainless steel veterinary syringe coated with a selective membrane of PVC serving as a potentiometric detector in a flow-injection-analysis system. Anal Bioanal Chem 401, 3355–3365 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5441-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5441-1

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