Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion as an additive manufacturing process produces complex surface topography at multiple scales through rapid heating, melting, directional cooling, and solidification that are often governed by laser path and layer-to-layer scanning strategies and influenced by process parameters such as power, scan velocity, hatch distance, and resultant energy density. Investigations on manufactured surfaces, as-built and after applying electropolishing, are performed using stylus profilometry, digital optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques to reveal the complex surface texture of the nickel alloy 625 test cubes that are produced by following an experimental design. Surface texture is further explored using image processing together with machine learning-based algorithms. Measurement uncertainty is also discussed briefly. The results reveal a complex nature of laser powder bed fusion created surface topography and textures as exposed with electropolishing that may further lead to a quantitative understanding of such textures and their formations influenced by different scanning strategies and process parameters.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amato KN, Gaytan SM, Murr LE, Martinez E, Shindo PW, Hernandez J, Collins S, Medina F (2012) Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting. Acta Mater 60:2229–2239
Arisoy YM, Criales LE, Özel T, Lane B, Moylan S, Donmez A (2016) Influence of scan strategy and process parameters on microstructure and its optimization in additively manufactured nickel alloy 625 via laser powder bed fusion. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9429-z
Bourell DL, Leu MC, Chakravarthy K, Guo N, Alayavalli K (2011) Graphite-based indirect laser sintered fuel cell bipolar plates containing carbon fiber additions. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 60(1):275–278
Brinksmeier E, Levy G, Meyer D, Spierings AB (2010) Surface integrity of selective-laser-melted components. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 59(1):601–606
Childs THC, Hauser C, Badrossamay M (2004) Mapping and modelling single scan track formation in direct metal selective laser melting. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 53(1):191–194
Criales LE, Arisoy YM, Lane B, Moylan S, Donmez A, Özel T (2017a) Predictive modeling and optimization of multi-track processing for laser powder bed fusion of nickel alloy 625. Additive Manufacturing 13:14–36
Criales LE, Arisoy YM, Lane B, Moylan S, Donmez A, Özel T (2017b) Laser powder bed fusion of nickel alloy 625: experimental investigations of effects of process parameters on melt pool size and shape with spatter analysis. Int J Mach Tools Manuf in press
Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman J (2009) The elements of statistical learning data mining, inference, and prediction. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Kim SJ, Koh K, Boyd S, Gorinevsky D (2009) l 1 trend filtering. SIAM Rev 51(2):339–360
Kruth J-P, Levy G, Klocke F, Childs THC (2007) Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing. CIRP Ann-Manuf Technol 56(2):730–759
NIST e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/, section 5.3.3.6.2. Dec. 23, 2016
Selvin S, Ajay SG, Gowri BG, Sowmya V, Somon KP (2016) l 1 trend filter for image denoising. Proc Comput Sci 93:495–502
Simonelli M, Tuck C, Aboulkhair NT, Maskery I, Ashcroft I, Wildman RD, Hague R (2015) A study on the laser spatter and the oxidation reactions during selective laser melting of 316L stainless steel, Al-Si10-Mg, and Ti-6Al-4V. Metall Mater Trans A 46A:3842–3851
Taylor BN, Kuyatt CE (1994) Guidelines for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of nist measurement results. NIST Technical Note 1297. http://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/tn1297/ Jan. 5, 2017)
Thompson A, Senin N, Giusca C, Leach R (2017) Topography of selectively laser melted surfaces: a comparison of different measurement methods. CIRP Annals- Manufacturing. Technology 66:543–546
Townsend A, Senin N, Blunt L, Leach RK, Taylor JS (2016) Surface texture metrology for metal additive manufacturing: a review. Precis Manuf 46:34–47
Yasa E, Kruth J-P, Deckers J (2011) Manufacturing by combining selective laser melting and selective laser erosion/laser re-melting. CIRP Annals- Manufacturing. Technology 60(1):263–266
Zaeh MF, Ott M (2011) Investigations on heat regulation of additive manufacturing processes for metal structures. CIRP Ann-Manuf Technol 60(1):259–262
Acknowledgements
Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
Funding
The support by the NIST under the financial assistance number 70NANB14H227 and assistances are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Özel, T., Altay, A., Donmez, A. et al. Surface topography investigations on nickel alloy 625 fabricated via laser powder bed fusion. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 94, 4451–4458 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-1187-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-1187-z