Abstract
As a result of excessive consumption of nitrogen more than necessary for their normal life processes, insects eliminate the excess quantities in one form or the other lest the ensuing toxicity should prove fatal to them. Voiding of several other nitrogenous compounds by insects besides uric acid via one common opening—the rectum, has posed difficulties in determining their nature as true excretory products or fecal nitrogenous waste matter. In the present review article an attempt has been made to present an almost up to date knowledge on the topic based on an intense search of literature which also includes the findings from the author’s laboratory.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson A D and Patton R L 1954 Determination of xanthine oxidase in insects with tetrazolium salts;Science 120 956
Anderson A D and Patton R L 1955 In vitro studies of uric acid synthesis in insects;J. Exp. Zool. 128 443–451
Auclair J L 1959 Amino acid oxidase activity in the fat body and Malpighian tubules of some insects;J. Insect Physiol. 3 57–62
Auclair J L 1963 Aphid feeding and nutrition;Annu. Rev. Entomol. 8 439–490
Avi-Dor Y and Gonda O 1959 Studies on the adenosine triphosphate-phosphate exchange and the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate catalysed by a particulate fraction from the mosquito;Biochem. J. 72 8–14
Bacon J S D and Dickinson B 1957 the origin of Melezitose: A biochemical relationship between the lime tree (Tilia sp) and an Aphis (Eucallipterus tiliae L);Biochem. J. 66 289–297
Baker F C 1939 The preparation of a relatively stable urease concentrate of blowfly larvae (Lucilia sericata Meig);J. Parasitol. 25 280
Baker James E 1976 Nitrogenous excretory products of adults ofSitophilus oryzae andSitophilus granarius;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B53 107–109
Baldwin E 1948Dynamic aspects of biochemistry 1st edition (London: Cambridge University Press)
Baldwin E 1963Dynamic aspects of biochemistry 4th edition (London: Cambridge University Press)
Balshin M and Phillips J E 1971 Active absorption of amino acids in the rectum of the desert locustSchistocerca gregaria;Nature New Biol. 233 53–55
Barbier R 1972 Origine et formation des granules pigmentaires de la cuticule larvaire deTyria jacobeae (Lepidoptere Arctiide);C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 274 1839–1842
Barret F M and Friend W G 1970 Uric acid synthesis inRhodnius prolixus;J. Insect Physiol. 16 121–129
Bartel A H, Hudson B W and Craig R 1958 Pteridines in the milkweed bugOncopeltus fasciatus Dallas I Identification and localization;J. Insect Physiol. 2 348–354
Becker E 1937 Das Fehlen der Pterine in den Exkrementen pterinfuhrender Insekten;Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 246 177–180
Berridge M J 1965 The Physiology of excretion in the cotton stainerDysdercus fasciatus signoret III. Nitrogen excretion and excretory metabolism;J. Exp. Biol. 43 535–552
Berridge M J and Gupta B L 1968 Fine structural localization of adenosine triphosphatase in the rectum ofCalliphora;J. Cell Sci. 3 17–32
Berthold G 1976 Untersuchungen über die Kynurenin Transaminase beiCarausius morosus (Insecta) und ihre Bedeutung für den Morphologischen Farbwechsel;J. Comp. Physiol. B111 25–32
Berthold G and Buckmann D 1975 Morphologischer Farbwechsel und Kynurensaüre-exkretion bei der stabheuschreckeCarausius morosus;Br. J. Comp. Physiol. B100 347–350
Bhattacharya A K and Waldbauer G P 1972 The effect of diet on the nitrogenous end products excreted by larvalTribolium confusum with notes on correction of approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of digested food for fecal urine;Entomol. Exp. Appl. 15 238–247
Bheemeswar B 1959 Some aspects of amino acid metabolism in insects;4th Int. Congr. Biochem. Vienna 1958 (Oxford: Pergamon Press) pp 78–89
Bignell D E and Mullins D E 1977 A preliminary investigation of the effects of diets on lesion formation in the hind gut of adult female American cockroaches;Can. J. Zool. 55 1100–1109
birt L and Christian B 1969 Changes in nitrogenous compounds during the metamorphosis of the BlowflyLucilia cuprina;J. Insect Physiol. 15 711–719
block E F and McChesney J D 1974 Two new tryptophan metabolites of the American cockroach;J. Insect Physiol. 20 1683–1686
Boadle M C and Blaschko H 1968 Cockroach amino oxidase: Classification and substrate specificity;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 25 129–138
Bodenstein D 1953 Studies on the humoral mechanisms in growth and metamorphosis of the cockroachPeriplaneta americana III. Humoral effects on metabolism;J. Exp. Zool. 124 105–115
Brighenti A and Colla A 1940 Sul process di formazione dell acido urico uli bachi da seta;Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 15 197–198
Brower L P 1969 Ecological Chemistry;Sci. Am. 220 22–29
Brown A W A 1938a The nitrogen metabolism of an insectLucilia sericata Mg I. Uric acid, allantoin and uricase;Biochem. J. 32 895–902
Brown A W A 1938b The nitrogen metabolism of an insectLucilia sericata Mg II. Ammonia and other metabolites;Biochem. J. 32 903–912
Brown K S 1965 A new L-α-amino acid from Lepidoptera;J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87 4202–4203
Brown G M 1971 The biosynthesis of Pteridines;Adv. Enzymol. 35 35–77
Brown A W A and Farber L 1936 On the deaminating enzyme of flesh-fly larvae;Biochem. J. 30 1107–1118
Brunet P C J 1965 The metabolism of aromatic compounds; inAspects of insect biochemistry (ed.) T W Goodwin (New York: Academic Press) pp 49–77
Bruno C T and Cochran D G 1965 Enzymes from insect tissues which catabolize pyrimidine compounds;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 15 113–124
Bryan G T Brown R R and Price J M 1964 Mouse bladder carcinogenicity of certain tryptophan metabolites and other aromatic nitrogen compounds suspended in cholesterol;Cancer Res. 24 596–602
Buchanan J M 1951 Biosynthesis of the purines;J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 38 143–171
Buchanan J M and Sonne J C 1946 The utilization of formate in uric acid synthesis;J. Biol. Chem. 166 781–792
Buchanan J M, Sonne J C and Delluva A M 1948 Biological precursors of uric acid II. The role of lactate, glycine and carbon-dioxide as precursors of the carbon chain and nitrogen-7 of uric acid;J. Biol. Chem. 173 81–98
Buck J B 1953 Physical properties and chemical composition of insect blood; inInsect physiology (ed.) K D Roeder (New York: John Wiley and Sons)
Buckmann D, Willig A and Linzen B 1966 Veranderung der Hamolymphe von der Verpuppung vonCerura rinula; I. Der Gehalt an Eiweise Aminosaüren ommochrom-vorstufen und ommochromen;Z. Naturforsch. 216 1184–1195
Bursell E 1965a Nitrogenous waste products of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitans;J. Insect Physiol. 11 993–1101
Bursell E 1965b Nitrogenous waste products in the tsetse fly; in12th Int. Congr. Entomol. p 797
Bursell E 1967 The excretion of nitrogen in insects;Adv. Insect Physiol. 4 46
Bursell E 1970An introduction to insect physiology (London, New York: Academic Press)
Bursell E, Billing K C, Hargrove J W, McCabe C T and Slack E 1974 Metabolism of the bloodmeal in tsetse flies: A review;Acta Trop. (Basel) 31 297–320
Busnel R G and Drilhon A 1942 Riboflavin in malpighian tubules;Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 82 321–323
Butenandt A 1959 The mode of action of hereditary factors;Endeavour 11 188–192
Butenandt A 1959 Wirkstoffe des insectenreiches;Naturwissenschaften 46 461–471
Butenandt A, Biekert E, Kubler H and Linzen B 1960 Uber ommochrome XX. Zur Verbreitung der Ommatine im Tierreich Neue Methoden zur ihren Identifizierung und quantitation Bestimmung;Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 319 238–256
Cambell J W 1973 Nitrogen excreation; inComparative animal physiology (ed.) C L Prosser (Philadelphia: Saunders) III edition pp 279–316
Carney G C 1969 The utilization of14C-labelled adenosine diphosphate during thein vitro respiration of housefly sarcosomes;Life Sci. 8 453–464
Chefurka W 1965Intermediary metabolism of nitrogenous and lipid compounds in insects;Physiol. Insecta 2 669–768
Chen P S 1971Biochemical aspects of insect development (Basel: S Karger)
Chen P S and Bachmann-Diem C 1964 Studies on the transamination reactions in the larval fat body ofDrosophila melanogaster;J. Insect Physiol. 10 819–829
Chinzei Y and Tojo S 1972 Nucleic acid changes in the whole body and several organs of the silkwormBombyx mori during metamorphosis;J. Insect Physiol. 18 1683–1698
Cline R E and Pearce G W 1963 Unique effects of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons on the metabolism of formate and proline in the housefly;Biochemistry 2 657–662
Cochran D G 1961 The enzymatic degradation of adenosine monophosphate by insect muscle;Biochem. Biophys. Acta 52 218–220
Cochran D G 1973 Comparative analysis of excreta from twenty cockroach species;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A46 409–419
Cochran D G 1975 Excretion in insects; inInsect biochemistry and function (eds) D J Candy and B A Kilby (London: Chapman and Hall) pp 177–281
Cochran D G 1976 Excreta analysis on additional cockroach species and the house cricket;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A53 79–81
Cochran D G 1979 Comparative analysis of excreta and fat body from various cockroach species;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A64 1–4
Cochran D G 1981 Comparative excreta analysis on various neotropical cockroaches and a leaf mantid;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A70 205–209
Cochran D G 1984 Nitrogen excretion;Compr. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 3 467–501
Cochran D G and Bruno C F 1963 A partial pathway for the synthesis of uric acid in the American cockroach;Proc. 16th Int. Congr. Zool. Washington 2 92
Cochran D G, Mullins D E and Mullins K J 1979 Cytological changes in the fat body of the American cockroachPeriplaneta americana in relation to dietary nitrogen levels;Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72 197–205
Colhoun E H 1963 Synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the American cockroach;Experientia 19 9–10
Cordero S M and Ludwig D 1963 Purification and activities of purine enzymes from various tissues of the American cockroachPeriplaneta americana L (Orthoptera, Blattidae);J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 71 66–73
Corrigan J J 1970 Nitrogen metabolism in insects; inComparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism-The Invertebrates (ed.) J W Campbell (New York: Academic Press) vol 1 pp 387–488
Corrigan J J, Wellner D and Meister A 1963 Determination of D-amino acid oxidase activity in insect tissues using D-allohydroxy proline as substrate;Biochim. Biophys. Acta 73 50–56
Craig R 1960 The physiology of excretion in insects;Rev. Entomol. 5 53–68
Desai R M and Kilby B A 1958a Some aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the fat body of the larva ofCalliphora erythrocephala;Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochem. 66 248–259
Desai R M and Kilby B A (1958b) Experiments on uric acid synthesis by insect fat body;Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochem. 66 282–286
Descimon H 1971 Metabolism et excretion de la guanine chezColias crocus;J. Insect Physiol. 17 1517–1531
Donnellan J F and Kilby B A 1967 Uric acid metabolism by symbiotic bacteria from the fat body ofPeriplaneta americana;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 22 235–252
Dorsett D L, Yim J J and Jacobson K B 1979 Biosynthesis of drosopterins in the head ofDrosophila melanogaster, inChemistry and biology of pteridines (eds) R L Kislink and G M Brown (North Holland: Elsevier) pp 99–104
Duchateau G, Florkin M and Frappez G 1940 Sur les ferments du catabolisme purique chez les insectes;C.R. Soc. Biol. 133 436–437
Egelhaaf A 1956 Excretion in the white-eyed mutant (a) of Ephestia;Z. Indukt. Abstamm. Vererbungsl. 87 769–783
Emmerich H, Zahn A and Schmialek P 1965 Über die Activitat einiger Dehydrogenasen und Transaminasen beiTenebrio molitor unter den Einfluss von Farnesylmethylather,J. Insect Physiol. 11 1161–1168
Evans P D 1980 Biogenic amines in the insect nervous system;Adv. Insect Physiol. 15 317–473
Ewart W H and Metcalf R L 1956 Preliminary Studies of sugars and amino acids in the honey-dews of five species of Coccids feeding on citrus in California;Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 49 441–447
Fan C L, Krivi G G and Brown G M 1975 The conversion of dihydroneopterin triphosphate to sepiapterin by an enzyme system fromDrosophila melanogaster;Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67 1047–1054
Fan C L, Hall L M, Skinska A J and Brown G M 1976 Correlation of guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase activity and the synthesis of pterins inDrosophila melanogaster;Biochem. Genet. 14 271–280
Farrell P C, Ward R A and Hone P W 1975 Uric acid binding levels of urate ions in normal and uraemic plasma and in human serum albumin;Biochem. Pharmacol. 24 1885–1887
Florkin M 1949Biochemical evolution (New York: Academic Press)
Florkin M and Duchateau G 1941 Sur la distribution de la xanthineoxidase;Bull. Acad. Belg. Cl. Sci. 27 174–178
Florkin M and Duchateau G 1943 Les formes du systems enzymatique de l’ uricolyse et l’ evolution du catabolisme purique chez les nimaux;Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochem. 53 267
Fogal W H and Kwain M J 1974 Metabolism and excretion of nitrogen during metamorphosis and egg production in the sawflyNeodiprion sertifer, J. Insect Physiol. 20 1287–1301
Forrest H S, Glassman E and Mitchell H K 1956 Conversion of 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine to isoxanthopterin inDrosophila melanogaster;Science 124 725–726
Forrest H S, Harris S E and Morton L J 1967 Inosine, guanosine, uric acid, DNA and RNA in developing eggs of the milkweed bugOncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas);J. Insect Physiol. 13 359–367
Friend W G 1958 Nutritional requirements of phytophagous insects;Annu. Rev. Entomol. 8 57–74
Garcia I, Roche J and Tixier M 1956a Sur le metabolisme de l’ arginine chez les insectes;Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 38 1423–1433
Garcia I, Roche J and Tixier M 1956b Sur le metabolisme hydrolytique de l’ arginine chez les insectes et sa signification metaboliques;C.R. Soc. Biol. 150 632–634
Gilmour D 1961The biochemistry of insects (New York, London: Academic Press)
Gilmour D 1965The metabolism of insects (San Francisco: Freeman)
Gilmour D and Calaby J H 1952 The magnesium activated ATPase of insect muscle;Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 41 83–103
Gilmour D and Calaby J H 1953 Myokinase and Pyrophosphatase of insect muscle;Enzymologia 16 34–40
Goldsmith T H and Warner L T 1964 Vitamin A in the vision of insects;J. Gen. Physiol. 47 433–441
Goodwin T W and Srisukh S 1950 Biochemistry of locusts 3. Insectorubin the redox pigment present in the integument and eyes of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk), the African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratoriodes R and F) and other insects;Biochem. J. 47 549–554
Gray H E and Fraenkel G 1954 The carbohydrate components in honeydew;Physiol. Zool. 27 56–65
Gyure W L 1974 Catabolism of isoxanthopterin during the development of the silkwormBombyx mori;Insect Biochem. 4 303–312
Harmsen R 1966a The excretory role of pteridines in insects;J. Exp. Biol. 45 1–13
Harmsen R 1966b Identification of fluorescing and UV absorbing substances inPieris brassicae L;J. Insect Physiol. 12 23–30
Harmsen R 1966c A quantitative study of the pteridines inPieris brassicae L during post-embryonic development;J. Insect Physiol. 12 9–22
Harmsen R 1969 The effect of atmospheric oxygen pressure on the biosynthesis of simple pterines inPieris butterflies;J. Insect Physiol. 15 2239–2244
Harrington J S 1961 Studies of the amino acids ofRhodnius prolixus II Analysis of the excretory material;Parasitology 51 319–326
Hayashi Y 1961a Studies on the xanthine oxidase system in the silkwormBombyx mori L I. Guaninexanthine dehydrogenase system of the fat body of the silkworm larva;J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 30 305–312
Hayashi Y 1961b Urea formation in tissues ofBombyx larva; Nippon Sanshigaku Zasshi;J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 30 13–16
Hayashi Y 1962 On the properties of xanthine dehydrogenase of the silkwormBombyx mori L I. Isolation and components of the silkworm enzyme;J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 31 25–31
Haydack M H 1953 Influence of the protein level of the diet on the longevity of cockroaches;Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 46 547–560
Heller J and Jezewska M M 1959 The synthesis of uric acid in the Chinese Tussur Moth (Antheraea pernyi);Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. Ser. Sci. Biol. 7 1–4
Heller J and Jezewska M M 1960 The uric acid riboside in Sphingidae moths;Acta Biochim. Pol. 7 469–473
Hodge L D and Glassman E 1967a Purine catabolism inDrosophila melanogaster I. Reaction leading to xanthine dehydrogenase;Biochem. Biophys. Acta 149 335–343
Hodge L D and Glassman E 1967b Purine catabolism inDrosophila melanogaster II. Guanine deaminase, inosine phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase activities in mutants with altered xanthine dehydrogenase activities;Genetics 57 571–577
Hofmanova O, Manowska J, Pelouch V and Kubista V 1967 Free and bound adenosine diphosphate inresting insect muscle and its relation to adenosine triphosphate;Physiol. Bohemoslov. 16 97–103
Hopkins F G 1895 The pigments ofPieridae: A contribution to the study of excretory substances which function in ornament;Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B186 661–682
Hopkins T L and Lofgren P A 1968 Adenine metabolism and urate storage in the cockroachLeucophaea maderae;J. Insect Physiol. 14 1803–1814
Hoskins W M and Craig R 1935 Recent progress in insect physiology;Physiol. Rev. 15 525–596
House H L 1965 Insect nutrition;Physiol. Insecta 2 769–813
Hudson B W, Bartel A H and Craig R 1959 Pteridines in the milkweed bugOncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) II. Quantitative determination of pteridine content of tissues during growth;J. Insect Physiol. 3 63–73
Inagami K 1955 Formation of pigment in the silkworm VIII. Xanthurenic acid and 4, 8-dihydroxy quinoline in the silkworm pupae;J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 24 295–299
Inokuchi T, Horie Y and Ito T 1969 Urea cycle in the silkwormBombyx mori;Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 35 783–787
Irreverre F and Terzian L A 1959 Nitrogen partition in excreta of three species of mosquiotoes;Science 129 1358–1359
Irzykiewicz H 1955 Xanthine oxidase of the clothes mothTineola bisselliella and some other insects;Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 8 369–377
Ito T and Mukaiyama F 1964 Relationship between protein contents of diets and xanthine oxidase activity in the silkwormBombyx mori L;J. Insect. Physiol. 10 789–796
Jezewska M M, Gorzkowski B and Sawicka T 1967 The structure of uric acid riboside and changes in its content in moths;Acta Biochim. Pol. 14 71–75
Johnson M M, Nash D and Henderson J F 1980a Metabolism of adenosine in larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B66 549–553
Johnson M M, Nash D and Henderson J F 1980b Purine metabolism in larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster fed radioactive hypoxanthine, inosine or formate;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B66 555–561
Johnson M M, Nash D and Henderson J F 1980c Metabolism of guanine and guanosine in larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B66 563–567
Kaufman S 1967 Pteridine cofactors;Annu. Rev. Biochem. 36 171–184
Kayser H 1979 Ommochrome formation and Kinurenine excretion inPieris brassicae: Relation to tryptophan supply on an artificial diet;J. Insect Physiol. 25 641–646
Keller E C Jr and Glassman E 1963 Xanthine dehydrogenase: Differences in activity amongDrosophila strains; Science143 40–41
Keller E C, Saverance P and Glassman E 1963 Paper electrophoresis of xanthine dehydrogenase fromDrosophila;Nature (London) 198 286–287
Kikkawa H 1953 Biochemical genetics ofBombyx mori;Adv. Genet. 5 107–140
Kilby B A and Neville E 1957 Amino acid metabolism in locust tissues;J. Exp. Biol. 34 276–289
Kondo Y 1967 Biochemical studies on excretion of a large amount of histidine by lepidopterous larvae especially silkworm larvae;J. Agric. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 41 324–328
Krivi G G and Brown G M 1979 Purification and properties of the enzymes fromDrosophila melanogaster that catalyze the synthesis of sepiapterin from dihydroneopterin triphosphate;Biochem. Genet. 17 371–390
Krzyzanowska M and Niemierko W 1980 Purine and uric acid riboside in the ligated larvae ofGalleria mellonella L;Insect Biochem. 10 323–330
Kursteiner R 1961 Uber die fluoreszierenden stoffe (Pterine) in den Meconien der wildrasse und der Mutanten white und rosy vonDrosophila melanogaster;J. Insect Physiol. 7 5–31
Kuznezova L E 1969 Mutagenic effect of 3-hydroxy-kynurenine and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid;Nature (London) 222 484–485
Lafont R 1974 Adenosine a sex-linked excretory product of a lepidopteranPieris brassicae;Experientia 30 998–999
Lafont R and Pennetier J L 1975 Uric acid metabolism during pupal-adult development ofPieris brassicae;J. Insect Physiol. 21 1323–1336
Langer H and Hoffmann C 1966 Elektro- und stoffwechselphysiologische untersuchungen uber den einfluss von Ommochromen und Pteridinen auf die funktion des facettenauges vonCalliphora erythrocephala;J. Insect Physiol. 12 357–387
Lazar K V and Mohamed U V K 1979 The excretion of urea by the larvae ofSpodoptera mauritia Boisd (Noctuidae Lepidoptera) during development;Experientia 35 1468
Leibenguth F 1967 Regulation of tryptophan metabolism in the parasite waspHabrobracon juglandis;Experientia 23 1069–1071
Leifert H 1935 Untersuchungen uber den excretstoffwechsel bei Eiern, Raupen and Puppen vonAntherea pernyi;Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Allg. Zool. Physiol. 55 171–190
Lennox F G 1940 Distribution of ammonia in larvae ofLucilia cuprina Wied;Nature (London) 146 268
Lennox F G 1941a Studies of the physiology and toxicology of blow-flies 8. The rate of ammonia production by larvae ofLucillia cuprina and its distribution in this insect;Aust. Commonw. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Pamp. 109 9–35
Lennox F G 1941b Studies of the physiology and toxicology of blowflies 9. The enzymes responsible for ammonia production by larvae ofLucilia cuprina;Aust. Commonw. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Pamp. 109 37–64
Levenbook L, Hutchins R F N and Bauer A C 1971 Uric acid and basic amino acids during metamorphosis of the tobacco hornwormManduca sexta with special reference to the meconium;J. Insect Physiol. 17 1321–1331
Linzen B 1974 The tryptophan ommochrome pathway in insects;Adv. Insect Physiol. 10 117–246
Linzen B and Ishiguro I 1966 3-Hydroxy-Kynurenin beiBombyx mori Ein neuer Tryptophanmetabolit: 3-Hydroxy-kinurenin-glucosid;Z. Naturforsch. B21 132–137
Linzen B and Schartau W 1974 A quantitative analysis of tryptophan metabolism during development of the blowflyProtophormia terraenovae;Insect Biochem. 4 325–340
Lisa J D and Ludwig D 1959 Uricase, guanase and xanthine oxidase from the fat body of the cockroach (Leucophea maderae);Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 52 548–551
Ludwig D 1954 Changes in the distribution of nitrogen in blood of the Japanese beetlePopillia japonica Newman during growth and reproduction;Physiol. Zool. 27 325–334
Maddrell S H P 1971 The mechanism of insect excretory systems;Adv. insect Physiol. 8 200–331
Maddrell S H P 1977 Insect Malpighian tubules; inTransport of ions and water in animals (eds) B L Gupta, R B Moreton, J L Oschman and B J Wall (London: Academic Press) pp 541–569
Maddrell S H P 1981 The functional design of the insect exretory systems;J. Exp. Biol. 90 1–15
Maddrell S H P and Gardiner B O C 1980 The retention of amino acids in the haemolymph during diuresis ofRhodnius;J. Exp. Biol. 87 315–329
Maddrell S H P, Pilcher D E M and Gardiner B O C 1971 Pharmacology of the Malpighian tubules ofRhodnius andCarausius: the structure activity relationship of tryptamine analogues and the role of cyclic AMP;J. Exp. Biol. 54 779–804
Magasanik B and Karibian D 1960 Purine nucleotide cycles and their metabolic role;J. Biol. Chem. 235 2672–2681
Mahler H R and Cordes E H 1966Biological chemistry (New York, London: Harper and Row)
Mainguet A M and et Le Berre J R 1973 Nutrition du cricket migrateurLocusta migratoria (Orthoptera acididea) II. Excretion Azotee en Fonction De Divers Aliments;Arch. Sci. Physiol. 27 91–113
Maruyama K 1954 Studies on adenosinetriphosphatases of various insect muscles;J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo Sect. 47 231–271
Mauchamp B and Lafont R 1975 Developmental studies inPieris brassicae (Lepidoptera) II. A study of nitrogenous excretion during the last larval instar;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B51 445–449
Mazda T, Tsusue M and Sakate S 1980 Purification and identification of a yellow pteridine characteristic of the larval colour of the Kiuki mutant of the silkwormBombyx mori;Insect Biochem. 10 357–362
McAllan J W and Chefurka W 1961a Some physiological aspects of glutamate-aspartate transamination in insects;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 2 290–299
McAllan J W and Chefurka W 1961b Properties of transaminases and glutamic dehydrogenase in the cockroachPeriplaneta americana;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 3 1–19
McCabe C T 1973The metabolic interrelationships of amino acids and lipids in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans, Ph.D. thesis University of London, London, UK
McDonnell P C and Tillinghast E K 1973 Metabolic sources of ammonia in the earthwormLumbricus terrestris (L);J. Exp. Zool. 185 145–152
McEnroe W D 1956Uric acid metabolism in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (L), Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
McEnroe W D and Forgash A J 1957 Thein vivo incorporation of14C formate in the ureide groups of uric acid byPeriplaneta americana (L); Ann.Entomol. Soc. Am. 50 429–431
McEnroe W D and Forgash A J 1958 Formate metabolism in the American cockroachPeriplaneta americana L; Ann.Entomol. Soc. Am. 51 126–129
McEnroe W D 1966 Excretion of uric acid inPeriplaneta americana Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59 1012–1013
McNabb R A and McNabb F M A 1980 Physiological chemistry of uric acid: Solubility, colloid and ionbinding properties;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A67 27–34
McNabb F M A and McNabb R A and Ward J M Jr 1972 The Effects of dietary protein content on water requirements and ammonia excretion in pigeonsColumbia livia Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A43 181–185
McNally J B, McCaughey W F, Standifer L N and Todd F E 1965 Partition of excreted nitrogen from honey bees fed various proteins;J. Nutr. 85 113–116
McShan W H, Kramer S and Olson N F (1955) Adenosinetriphosphatase activity of American cock roach and woodroach thoracic muscle;Biol. Bull. 108 45–53
Milburn N S 1966 Fine structure of the pleomorphic bacteroids in the mycetocytes and ovaries of several genera of cockroaches;J. Insect Physiol. 12 1245–1254
Miller S 1980 Utilization and interconversion of purines and ribo-nucleosides in the mosquitoAnopheles albimanus Weidemann;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B66 517–522
Miller S and Collins J M 1973 Metabolic purine pathways in the developing ovary of the houseflyMusca domestica;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B44 1153–1163
Mills R R and Cochran D G 1966 Purification and properties of myokinase from cockroach thoracic muscle mitochondria;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 18 37–45
Mills R R and Cochran D G 1967 Adenosinetriphosphatases from thoracic muscle mitochondria of the American cockroach;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 20 919–923
Mitlin N and Vickers D H 1964 Guanine in the excreta of the boll weevil;Nature (London) 203 1403–1404
Mitlin N, Vickers D H and Hedin P A 1964 End products of metabolism in the boll weevilAnthonomous grandis Boheman Non protein amino acids in the faeces;J. Insect Physiol. 10 393–397
Mittler T E 1958 Studies in the feeding and nutrition ofTuberolachnus salignus (Gmelin) Homoptera Aphidae II. The nitrogen and sugar composition of ingested phloem sap and excreted honeydew;J. Exp. Biol. 35 74–84
Moloo S K 1977 Aspects of the metabolism of U-14C arginine U-14C histidine and U-14C lysine by adult femaleGlossina morsitans during pregnancy;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B57 23–26
Moriuchi A, Koga K, Yamada J and Akune S 1972 DNA synthesis and activities of pyrimidine-synthesizing enzymes in the silk gland ofBombyx mori J. Insect Physiol. 18 1463–1476
Mullins D E 1971An investigation into the nitrogen balance of an insect Periplaneta americana L with specific reference to urate storage and mobilization. The urate storage complex and nitrogenous excretory products; Ph.D. Dissertation, VPI and SU Library, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
Mullins D E 1974 Nitrogen metabolism in the American cockroach: An examination of whole body ammonium and other cations excreted in relation to water requirements;J. Exp. Biol. 61 541–556
Mullins D E and Cochran D G 1972 Nitrogen excretion in cockroaches: Uric acid is not a major product;Science Wash. 177 699–701
Mullins D E and Cochran D G 1973 Tryptophan metabolite excretion by the American cockroach;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B44 549–555
Mullins D E, Cochran D G 1974 Nitrogen metabolism in the American cockroach: An examination of whole body and fat body regulation of cations in response to nitrogen balance;J. Exp. Biol. 61 557–570
Mullins D E and Cochran D G 1975a Nitrogen metabolism in the American cockroach I. An examination of positive nitrogen balance with respect to uric acid stores;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A50 489–500
Mullins D E and Cochran D G 1975b Nitrogen metabolism in the American cockroach II. An examination of negative nitrogen balance with respect to mobilization of uric acid stores;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A50 501–510
Mullins D E and Cochran D G 1976 A comparative study of nitrogen excretion in twenty-three cockroach species;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A53 393–399
Mullins D E and Keil C B 1980 Paternal investment of urates in cockroaches;Nature (London) 283 567–569
Murphy M R V and Micks D W 1964 Transamination inAedes aegypti;J. Econ. Entomol. 57 12–14
Nation J L 1963 Identification of xanthine in excreta of the greater wax mothGalleria mellonella (L);J. Insect Physiol. 9 195–200
Nation J L and Patton R L 1961 A study of nitrogen excretion in insects;J. Insect Physiol. 6 299–308
Nation J L and Thomas K K 1965 Quantitative studies on purine excretion in the greater wax mothGalleria mellonella;Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58 883–885
Nazari A 1902Reale Acad. Gorgofili Firenze 80 356
Needham J 1938 Contributions of chemical physiology to the problem of reversibility of evolution;Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 13 225–251
Needham J 1950Biochemistry and morphogenesis (London: Cambridge University Press)
Nelson W A 1958 Purine excretion by the sheep KedMelophagus ovinus L;Nature (London) 182 115
Nelson M 1964 Some properties of uricase from the houseflyMusca domestica, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 12 37–42
Nemec V and Jarolim V 1980 Excretion of some juvenoids ofLocusta migratoria larvae;Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 77 76–81
Nolfi J R 1970 Biosynthesis of uric acid in the tunicateMolgula manhattensis with a general scheme for the function of stored purines in animals;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 35 827–842
Ogawa H and Hasegawa K 1980 Kynureninase and its activity during metamorphosis of the silkwormBombyx mori;Insect Biochem. 10 589–593
Pant Radha and Agrawal H C 1963 Analysis of the excretory material ofAttacus ricini in the fifth instar larval and adult stages;Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 71 605–613
Pant Radha and Kumar S 1978 Is a urea cycle present in insects?;Biochem. J. 174 341–344
Pant Radha, Jaiswal Geeta and Pande K N 1984 A comparative study of the composition of the excretory products of two insectsPhilosamia ricini andAntherea mylitta months (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)Indian J. Comp. Anim. Physiol. 2 64–69
Parzen S D and Fox A S 1964 Purification of xanthine dehydrogenase fromDrosophila melanogaster, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 92 465–471
Pfteiderer W and Taylor E C 1964Pteridine chemistry (London: Pergamon Press)
Pierre L L 1964 Uricase activity of isolated symbionts and the aposymbiotic fat body of a cockroach;Nature (London) 201 54–55
Pierre L L 1965 Guanase activity of the symbionts and the fat bodies of the cockroachLeucophaea maderae;Nature (London) 208 666–667
Porembska Z and Mochnacka I 1964 The ornithine cycle inCelerio euphorbiae, Acta Biochim. Pol. 11 109–117
Porter P 1963a Physico-chemical factors involved in urate calculus formation I. Solubility;Res. Vet. Sci. 4 580–591
Porter P 1963b Physico-chemical factors involved in urate calculus formation II. Colloidal flocculation;Res. Vet. Sci. 4 592–602
Powles R F 1953 Studies on the digestion of wool by insects VIII. The significance of certain excretory products of the clothes mothTineola biselliella and the carpet beetleAttagenus piceus;Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 6 109–117
Prince W T and Berridge M J 1973 The role of calcium in the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cyclic AMP on salivary glands;J. Exp. Biol. 58 367–384
Prosser C L (ed) 1952Comparative animal physiology (Philadelphia: Saunders)
Prota C D 1961 Enzymes in the hemolymph of the mealwormTenebrio molitor L;J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 69 59–67
Prusch R D 1971 The site of ammonia excretion in the blowflySarcophaga bullata;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A39 761–767
Prusch R D 1972 Secretion of ammonium chloride by the hindgut ofSarcophaga bullata larvae;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A41 215–223
Purrman R 1940 Über die Flugelpigmente der Schmetterlinge VII. Synthese des Leukopterins und Natur des Guanopterins;Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 544 182–190
Razet P 1952 Catabolisme des purines chez lesColembole xenylla Welchii Folsom (Insecte Apterygote):C. R. Acad. Sci. 234 2566–2568
Razet P 1953 Recherches sur la localisation des enzymes uricolytiques chez les insectes;C. R. Acad. Sci. 236 1304–1306
Razet P 1954 Sur l’elimination d’acide allantoique par quelques insectes Lepidopteres;C. R. Acad. Sci. 239 905–907
Razet P 1956 Sur l’elimination simultanee d’acide urique et d’acide allantoique chez les insectes;C. R. Acad. Sci. 243 185–187
Razet P 1957 l’uricolyse chez les insectes;Arch. Orig. Serv. Docum. C.N.R.S. 361
Razet P 1961 Recherches sur l’uricolyse chez les insectes;Bull. Soc. Sci. Britagne 36 1–206
Razet P 1965 Sur l’activite de l’allantoinase et de l’allantoicase des insectes en fonction de concentrations croissantes de leurs substrats;Bull. Soc. Sci. Britagne 40 63–68
Razet P 1966 Les elements terminaux de catabolisme azote chez les insectes;Ann. Biol. 5 43–73
Reddy S R R and Campbell J W 1967 Enzymes of arginine metabolism in insects; Arginase;Am. Zool. 7 195
Reddy S R R and Campbell J W 1969a Arginine metabolism in insects: Properties of insect fat body arginase;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28 515–534
Reddy S R R and Campbell J W 1969b Arginine metabolism in insects: Role of arginase in proline formation during silkworm development;Biochem. J. 115 495–503
Rembold H and Gyure W L 1972 Biochemistry of the pteridines;Ange. Chem. 11 1061–1072
Riegel J A 1972Comparative physiology of renal excretion Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd)
Riemke E, Mitedieri E, Affonso O E and Ribiero L P 1978 Comparative aspects of xanthine dehydrogenase activity ofPanstrongylus megistus, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B61 53–57
Robinson W 1935 Allantoin a constituent of maggot excretions stimulates healing of chronic discharging wounds;J. Parasitol. 21 354–358
Robinson W and Baker F C 1939 The Enzyme urease and the occurrence of ammonia in maggot-infected wounds;J. Parasitol. 25 149–155
Robinson W and Wilson G S 1939 Changes in the concentration of urease during pupal development of the blowflyPhormia regina;J. Parasitol. 25 455–459
Rocco M L 1938 Le metabolisme des composes d’origine purique chez les insectes;C. R. Acad. Sci. 207 1006–1008
Roeder K D (ed) 1953Insect physiology (New York: John Wiley)
Ross D J 1959 Changes in the activity of uricase and xanthine oxidase during the life cycle of the Japanese beetlePopillia japonica Newm;Physiol. Zool. 32 239–245
Roth L M 1967 Uricose glands in the accessory sex gland complex of maleBlattaria;Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60 1203–1211
Roth L M and Dateo G P 1964 Uric acid in the reproductive system of the males of the cockroachBlatella germanica;Science Wash. 146 782–784
Roth L M and Dateo G P 1965 Uric acid storage and excretion by accessory sex glands of male cockroaches;J. Insect Physiol. 11 1023–1030
Russo-Caia S 1963 Nitrogen excretion inMusca during metamorphosis;Rend. 1st Sci. Univ. Camerina 4 216–228
Sacktor B 1953 Investigations on the mitochondria of the houseflyMusca domestica L;J. Gen. Physiol. 36 371–387
Sacktor B and Cochran D G 1957 Dephosphorylation of nucleotides by insect flight muscle;J. Biol. Chem 226 241–253
Sacktor B, Thomas G M, Moser J C and Bloch D I 1953 Dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate by tissues of the American cockroachPeriplaneta americana L;Biol. Bull. 105 166–173
Sakurai S and Tsujita M 1976a Genetical and biochemical studies of pteridine granule membrane in larval hypodermal cells of the silkworm I. Purification and characterization of the membrane protein from pteridine granules of a normal strain;Jpn. J. Genet. 51 39–52
Sakurai S and Tsujita M 1976b Genetical and biochemical studies of pteridine granule membrane in larval hypodermal cells of the silkworm II. Genetic variations in membrane proteins of pteridine granules isolated from several mutants with transparent larval skin;Jpn. J. Genet. 51 79–89
Schildknect H, Birringer H and Krauss D 1969 Arthropod defensive substances XXXVI, Identification of the yellow pigment from prothoracic defensive scent glands ofIlybius fenestratus;Naturforsch. B24 38–47
Schildknect H, Krebs G and Birringer H 1971 Arthropod defensive substances L1 Tryptophan as a precursor of insect alkaloid methyl-8-hydroxy-quinoline-2-carboxylate fromIlybius fenestratus;Chem. Ztg. 95 332
Schoffeniels E and Gilles R 1970 Nitrogenous constituents and nitrogen metabolism in arthropods;Chem. Zool. A5 199–227
Schopf C and Becker E 1936 Über neue Pterine;Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 524 49–123
Schopf C and Reichert R 1941 Zur Kenntnis des Leukopterins;Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 548 82–94
Sedee J W 1958 Dietetic requirements and intermediary protein metabolism of an insect (Calliphora erythrocephala Meig);Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1 38–40
Seegmiller J E 1969 Diseases of purine and pyrimidine metabolism; inDiseases of metabolism (ed.) P K Bondy (Philadelphia: Saunders) pp 516–579
Shyamala M B 1964 Detoxification of benzoate by glycine conjugation in the silkwormBombyx mori L;J. Insect Physiol. 10 385
Sidhu H S and Patton R L 1970 Carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds in the Honeydew of the Mustard AphidLiapaphis erysimi;J. Insect Physiol. 16 1339–1348
Smith J H and Forrest H S 1976a Characterization of an isoxanthopterin-binding protein fromOncopeltus fasciatus, J. Insect Physiol. 22 187–194
Smith J H and Forrest H S 1976b The possible biological role of an isoxanthopterin-binding protein isolated fromOncopeltus embryos;Insect Biochem. 6 131–134
Smith K D, Ursprung H and Wright T R E 1963 Xanthine dehydrogenase inDrosophila: Detection of isozymes;Science 142 226–227
Speeg K V Jr and Campbell J W 1968 Formation and volatalization of ammonia gas by terrestrial snails;Am. J. Physiol. 214 1392–1402
Srivastava P N and Gupta P D 1961 Excretion of uric acid inPeriplaneta americana L;J. Insect Physiol. 6 163–167
Srivastava P N and Varshney R K 1966 Composition of the honeydew excreted by the lac insectKerria lacca (Homoptera: Coccoidea) I. Free amino acids;Entomol. Exp. Appl. 9 209–212
Staddon B W 1955 The excretion and storage of ammonia by aquatic larvae ofSialis lutaria (Neuroptera);J. Exp. Biol. 32 84–94
Staddon B W 1959 Nitrogen excretion in nymphs ofAeshna cyanea Müll (Odonata Anisoptera);J. Exp. Biol. 36 566–574
Stobbart R H and Shaw J 1974 Salt and water balance: Excretion;Physiol. Insecta 5 362–446
Stratakis E 1979 Ommochrome synthesis and kynurenic acid excretion in relation to metamorphosis and allatectomy in the stick insectCarausius morosus;Br. J. Insect Physiol. 25 925–929
Stratakis E 1980 Tryptophan metabolism during development of the stick insectCarausius morosus: tissue distribution and inter-relationships of metabolites of the kinurenine pathway;J. Comp. Physiol. B137 123–130
Stratakis E and Egelhaaf A 1980 A quantitative study of the colour change during the pre-pupal differentiation ofEphestia kuhniella;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B65 711–715
Strong F F 1965 Detection of lipids in the Honeydew of an Aphid;Nature (London) 205 1242
Sullivan D T, Bell L A, Paton D R and Sullivan M C 1980 Genetic and functional analysis of tryptophan transport in Malpighian tubules ofDrosophila;Biochem. Genet. 18 1109–1130
Szarkowska L and Porembska Z 1959 Arginase inCelerio euphorbiae;Acta Biochim. Pol. 6 273–276
Takahashi H, Susumo Y, Suzaki Gingiro and Ohnishi Eiji 1969 Origin of oxalic acid in calcium oxalate crystals in the Malpighian tubules of the tent caterpillarMalacosoma Neustria testacea;J. Insect Physiol. 15 403–407
Tamura T and Sakate S 1975 Granules in the meconium of ogmutant ofBombyx mori;J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 44 487–490
Teigler D J and Arnott H J 1972Tissue Cell 4 173–185
Terzian L A, Irreverre F and Stahler N 1957 A study of nitrogen patterns in the excreta and body tissues of adultAides egypti;J. Insect Physiol. 1 221–228
Thayer D W and Terzian L A 1971 Amino acid partition in excreta of ageing femaleAedes aegypti mosquitoes;J. Insect Physiol. 17 1731–1734
Thomas K K and Nation J L 1966 RNA protein and uric acid content ofPeriplaneta americana (L) as influenced by Corpora allata during development;Biol. Bull. 130 442–449
Tillinghast E K and Janson C H 1971 Studies on the transition to ureotelism in the earthwormLumbricus terrestris (L);J. Exp. Zool. 177 1–8
Todd A C 1944 On the development and hatching of the eggs ofHommerschmidtiella diesingi andLeidynema appendiculatum nematodes of roaches;Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 63 54–67
Tojo S 1971 Uric acid production in relation to protein metabolism in the silkwormBombyx mori during pupal-adult development;Insect Biochem. 1 249–263
Tojo S and Hirano C 1968 Uric acid production in larvae of the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) in relation to post-diapause development;J. Insect Physiol. 14 1121–1133
Tojo S and Yushima T 1972 Uric acid and its metabolites in butterfly wings;J. Insect Physiol. 18 403–422
Truszkowski R and Chajkinowna S 1935 Nitrogen metabolism of certain invertebrates;Biochem. J. 29 2361–2365
Tsujita M and Sakurai S 1964 Relationship between chromogranules and uric acid in hypodermal cells of silkworm larvae;Proc. Jpn. Acad. 40 561–565
Tsujita M and Sakurai S 1966 Chemical composition of chromogranules produced in the hypodermal cells of silkworm larvae;Proc. Jpn. Acad. 42 956–959
Tsujita M and Sakurai S 1967 Pteridine granules in hypodermal cells of the silkworm larva causing nontransparency of larval skin;Proc. Jpn. Acad. 43 991–996
Tsuyama S, Higashino T and Miyura K 1980 The localization of arginase in the blowflyAldrichina grahami during larval growth;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B65 431–434
Umebachi Y and Yamada M 1964 Tryptophan and Tyrosine metabolism in the pupae of papilionid butterflies I. Accumulation of the bound form of kinurenine inPapilio xuthus;Annot. Zool. Jpn. 37 51–57
Umebachi Y and Katayama M 1966 Tryptophan and Tyrosine metabolism in the pupae of papilionid butterflies II. The general pattern of tryptophan metabolism during the pupal stage ofPapilio xuthus;J. Insect Physiol. 12 1539–1547
Ursprung H and Hadorn R 1961 Xanthine dehydrogenase in Organen vonDrosophila melanogaster;Experientia 17 230–231
Wagner R P and Mitchell H K 1948 Enzymic assay for studying the nutrition ofDrosophila melanogaster, Arch. Biochem. 17 87–96
Wall B J and Oschman J L 1970 Water and solute uptake by the rectal pads ofPeriplaneta americana;Am. J. Physiol. 218 1208–1215
Wang C M and Patton R L 1969 Nitrogenous compounds in the haemolymph of the cricketAcheta domestica;J. Insect. Physiol. 15 543–548
Waterhouse D F 1952 Studies on the digestion of wool by insects IV. Absorption and elimination of metals by lepidopterous larvae with special reference to the clothes mothTineola biselliella (Humm);Aust. J. Sci. Res. B5 143–168
Watt W B 1967 Pteridine biosynthesis in the butterflyColias eurytheme;J. Biol. Chem. 242 565–572
Wehner R, Gartenman G and Jungi T 1969 Contrast perception in Eye Colour Mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila subobscura;J. Insect Physiol. 15 815–823
Weinland E 1906 Über die Ausscheidung von Ammoniak durch die Larven vonCalliphora und uber eine Beziehung dieser Tatsache zu dem Entwicklungstadium dieser Tiere;Z. Biol. 47 232–250
Wessing A and Bonse A 1966 Natur und Buildung des rotten Farbstoffes in den Nierentubuli der Mutante ‘red’ vonDrosophila melanogaster;Z. Naturforsch. B21 1219–1223
Wessing A and Eichelberg D 1968 Die fluoreszierenden Stoffe aus den Malpighischen-Gefässen der Wildform und verschiedener Augenfarben mutanten vonDrosophila melanogaster, Z. Naturforsch. B23 376–386
Wessing A and Eichelberg D 1978 Malpighian tubules rectal papillae and excretion;genet. biol. Drosophila 20 1–42
Whitmore E and Gilbert L I 1972 Haemolymph lipoprotein transport of juvenile hormone;J. Insect Physiol. 18 1153–1167
Wieland H and Schopf C 1925 Über den gelben Flügelfarbstoff des citronenfalters (Gonepteryx rhamni);Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. B58 2178–2183
Wieser W 1972a O/N ratios of terrestrial isopods at two temperatures;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A43 859–868
Wieser W 1972b Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion inLigia beaudiana M E;Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A43 869–876
Wieser W and Schweizer G 1970 A re-examination of the excretion of nitrogen by terrestrial isopods;J. Exp. Biol. 52 267–274
Wieser W, Schweizer G and Hartenstein R 1969 Patterns in the release of gaseous ammonia by terrestrial isopods;Oecologia 3 390–400
Wigglesworth V B 1931 The physiology of excretion in a blood-sucking insectRhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera Reduviidae);J. Exp. Biol. 8 411–451
Wigglesworth V B 1943 Biliverdin in pericardial cells: Rhodnius Hem;Proc. R. Soc. B 131 313–339
Wigglesworth V B 1950The principles of insect physiology (London: Methuen)
Wigglesworth V B 1953The principles of insect physiology (London: Methuen)
Wigglesworth V B 1972The principles of insect physiology 7th edition (London: Chapman and Hall)
Wolf J P and Ewart W H 1955 Carbohydrate composition of the honeydew ofCoccus hesperidum L; Evidence for the existence of two new oligosaccharides;Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 38 365–372
Wyatt G R 1961 The biochemistry of insect haemolymph;Annu. Rev. Entomol. 6 75–102
Zandee D L, Nijkamp H J, Roosheroe L, De Waart J, Sedee P D J W and Vonk H J 1958 Transamination in invertebrates;Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 66 220–227
Ziegler I 1961 Genetic aspects of ommochrome and pterin pigments;Adv. Genet. 10 349–403
Ziegler I and Harmsen R 1969 The biology of pteridines in insects;Adv. Insect Physiol. 6 139–203
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pant, R. Nitrogen excretion in insects. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.) 97, 379–415 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03179946
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03179946