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The significance of calcium in insulin secretion

Ultrastructural studies on identification and localization of calcium in activated and inactivated B cells of mice

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Summary

Calcium plays an important role in the release of insulin. When the GBHA [glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil)] reaction is employed, calcium can be clearly demonstrated by light microscope in pancreatic islets of mice. The specificity of this finding has now been proved by elemental X-ray analysis. Electron microscopically, certain cations can be visualized by a precipitation technique using potassium pyroantimonate as the precipitating agent. In the B cell of mice this technique reveals a characteristic precipitation pattern. Elemental X-ray analysis suggests that the precipitates contain high amounts of calcium. The pattern of the precipitates changes dependent on the functional state of the B cell. In normoglycemia the deposits are mainly associated with the granule membranes, the cell membranes and the cytoplasmic matrix. In hypoglycemia there is a shift of precipitates into the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, which are thought to be storage organelles for intracellular calcium. The deposits within the halos of the numerous secretory granules, are diminished. In hyperglycemia there is a marked ion translocation across the cell membrane to its inner surface and particularly into the halos of the secretory granules, while the deposit content of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum is decreased. Within the saccules of the secretory granules, the deposits sometimes seem to impregnate a filamentous network, which encloses the secretory granule and cannot be seen by conventional electron microscopical preparations. The morphological data suggest that emiocytosis of hormone granules is associated with a release of cellular calcium. The presented observations in treated and untreated animals extend and support the conceptions on the specific role of calcium within the insulin releasing mechanism of the B cell.

Zusammenfassung

Calcium spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Insulinsekretion. Lichtmikroskopisch läßt sich unter Anwendung der GBHA [Glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil)]-Methode Calcium eindeutig in den Pankreasinseln der Maus nachweisen. Die Spezifität dieses Befundes wurde durch die Röntgenelementaranalyse gesichert. Elektronenmikroskopisch können bestimmte Kationen durch eine Präzipitationstechnik mit Hilfe von Kaliumpyroantimonat sichtbar gemacht werden. In der B-Zelle der Maus ergibt diese Technik ein charakteristisches Verteilungsmuster von Präzipitaten. Die Röntgenelementaranalyse zeigt, daß die Präzipitate große Calciummengen enthalten. Das Verteilungsmuster der Niederschläge verändert sich in Abhängigkeit von dem funktionellen Zustand der B-Zelle. Bei Normoglykämie treten die Ausfällungen hauptsächlich in Verbindung mit den Membranen der Hormongranula, den Zellmembranen und der Matrix des Cytoplasmas auf. Bei Hypoglykämie zeigt sich eine Verschiebung der Präzipitate in das endoplasmatische Retikulum und in die Mitochondrien, die als Speicherorganellen für das intracelluläre Calcium angesehen werden. Die Ausfällungen innerhalb der Halos der zahlreichen Sekretgranula sind vermindert. Bei Hyperglykämie ergibt sich eine erhebliche Ionenverlagerung durch die Zellmembran zu deren innerer Oberfläche und besonders in die Halos der Sekretgranula, während die Präzipitatmengen in Mitochondrien und endoplasmatischem Retikulum vermindert sind. Innerhalb der Vesikel der Sekretgranula scheinen die Präzipitate manchmal ein filamentöses Netzwerk zu imprägnieren, welches das Sekretgranulum umhüllt und bei konventioneller elektronenmikroskopischer Präparation nicht sichtbar ist. Die morphologischen Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß die Emiocytose der Hormongranula mit einer Ausschleusung von cellulärem Calcium einhergeht. Die vorliegenden Beobachtungen an intakten Tieren erweitern und bestätigen die Konzeptionen über die spezifische Rolle des Calciums im Insulinsekretionsmechanismus der B-Zelle.

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Supported by SFB 34, Hamburg.

The authors wish to thank Miss Zeiger, Miss Fischer and Mrs. Baack for their skilful technical assistance. We are also indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Liebel in Kontron Application Laboratories, München, for effective cooperation in carrying out the X-ray analyses.

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Schäfer, H.J., Klöppel, G. The significance of calcium in insulin secretion. Virchows Arch. A Path. Anat. and Histol. 362, 231–245 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00432197

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