Bibliography
Bach, E.: 1978, ‘Montague Grammar and Classical Transformational Grammar’. In R. M. Saenz (Ed.) University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics, Vol. III.
Bresnan, J.: 1973, ‘Syntax of the Comparative Clause Construction in English’, Linguistic Inquiry 4, 275–343.
Bresnan, J.: 1976, ‘Evidence for a Theory of Unbounded Transformations’, Linguistic Analysis 2, 353–393.
Bresnan, J.: 1977, ‘A Realistic Transformational Grammar’. In M. Halle, J. Bresnan, and G. Miller (Eds.) Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reasoning, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Bresnan, J. and J. Grimshaw: 1978, ‘The Syntax of Free Relatives in English’, Linguistic Inquiry 9, 331–391.
Chomsky, N.: 1973, ‘Conditions on Transformations’. In S. Anderson and P. Kiparsky (Eds.) A Festschrift for Morris Halle, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Chomsky, N.: 1977, ‘On Wh-movement’, in P. W. Culicover, T. Wasow, and A. Akmajian, (Eds.) Formal Syntax, Academic Press, New York.
Chomsky, N. and H. Lasnik: 1977, ‘Filters and Control’, Linguistic Inquiry 8, 425–504.
Cresswell, M. J.: 1976, ‘The Semantics of Degree’, in B. Partee, (Ed.) Montague Grammar, Academic Press, New York.
Dummett, M.: 1975, ‘Wang's Paradox’, Synthese 30, 301–324.
Fine, K.: 1975, ‘Vagueness, Truth and Logic’, Synthese 30, 265–300.
Fraassen, B. van: 1966, ‘Singular Terms, Truth Value Gaps, and Free Logics’, Journal of Philosophy 63, 481–495.
Gazdar, G.: forthcoming (a), ‘Phrase Structure Grammar’. In P. Jacobson and G. Pullum (Eds.) The Nature of Syntactic Representation.
Gazdar, G.: forthcoming (b), ‘A Phrase Structure Syntax for Comparative Clauses’. In T. Hoekstra et al. (Eds.) Papers in Lexical Grammar, Foris Publications, Dordrecht.
Haack, S.: 1978, Philosophy of Logics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hare, R. M.: 1952, The Language of Morals, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Heny, F.: 1978, ‘Comparing Adjectives-and Grammars’, in J. Groenendijk and M. Stokhof (Eds.) Amsterdam Papers in Formal Grammar, Vol 2, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Jackendoff, R.: 1977, 44-1 Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Kamp, H.: 1975, ‘Two Theories of Adjectives’, in E. L. Keenan (Ed.) Formal Semantics of Natural Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kamp, H.: 1978, ‘The Paradox of the Heap’, mimeo, Bedford College, London.
Kaplan, D.: 1977, Demonstratives: An Essay on the Semantics, Logic, Metaphysics and Epistemology of Demonstratives and Other Indexicals, mimeo, UCLA.
Keenan, E. L. and L. M. Faltz: 1978, Logical Types for Natural Language, UCLA Occasional Papers in Linguistics, No. 3.
Kleene, S. C.: 1952, Introduction to Metamathematics, North-Holland Press, Amsterdam.
Klein, E. H.: 1978, On Sentences which Report Beliefs, Desires and Other Mental Attitudes, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge.
Krantz, D. H. et al.: 1971, Foundations of Measurement, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York.
Kripke, S. A.: 1972, ‘Naming and Necessity’, in D. Davidson and G. Harman (Eds.) Semantics of Natural Language, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Labov, W.: 1973, ‘The Boundaries of Words and Their Meanings’, in C.-J.N. Bailey and R.W. Shuy (Eds.) New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English, Georgetown University Press, Washington.
Lakoff, G.: 1972, ‘Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts’, CLS 8, 183–228.
Lakoff, G.: 1973, ‘Fuzzy Grammar and the Performance/Competence Terminology Game’, CLS 9, 271–291.
Lees, R. B.: 1961, ‘Grammatical Analysis of the English Comparative Construction’, Word 17, 171–185.
Lewis, D.: 1979, ‘Scorekeeping in a Language Game’, Journal of Philosophical Logic 8, 339–359.
McCawley, J. D.: 1968, ‘Concerning the Base Component of a Transformational Grammar’, Foundations of Language 4, 243–269.
McCloskey, J.: 1979, Transformational Syntax and Model Theoretic Semantics, Reidel, Dordrecht.
McConnell-Ginet, S.: 1973, Comparative Constructions in English: A Syntactic and Semantic Analysis, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rochester.
Montague, R.: 1970, ‘English as a Formal Language’, in R. H. Thomason (Ed.) (1974).
Montague, R.: 1973, ‘The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English’, in R. H. Thomason (Ed.) (1974).
Morgan, C. G. and F. J. Pelletier: 1977, ‘Some Notes Concerning Fuzzy Logics’, Linguistics and Philosophy 1, 79–97.
Putnam, H.: 1975, ‘The Meaning of ‘Meaning’’, in Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sadock, J. M.: 1977, ‘Truth and Approximations’. In K. Whistler et. al. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of Berkeley Linguistics Society, University of California, Berkeley.
Seuren, P. A. M.: 1973, ‘The Comparative’. In F. Kiefer and N. Ruwet (Eds.) Generative Grammar in Europe, Reidel, Dordrecht.
Siegel, M. E. A.: 1979, ‘Measure Adjectives in Montague Grammar’, in S. Davis and M. Mithun (Eds.) Linguistics, Philosophy, and Montague Grammar, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Thomason, R. H. (Ed.): 1974, Formal Philosophy, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Ultan, R.: 1972, ‘Some Features of Basic Comparative Constructions’, Stanford Working Papers on Language Universals 9, 117–162.
Wheeler, S.: 1972, ‘Attributives and Their Modifiers’, Nous 6, 310–334.
Wilson, D.: 1975, Presuppositions and Non-Truth-Conditional Semantics, Academic Press, New York.
Zadeh, L. A.: 1971, ‘Quantitative Fuzzy Semantics’, Information Sciences 3, 159–176.
Zadeh, L. A.: 1977, PRUF-A Meaning Representation Language for Natural Languages, Memorandum No. ERL-M77/61, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
I am grateful to the SSRC (Grant No. HR 5767) for funding the research reported here. This paper is a distant descendant of an earlier paper, ‘Comparatives, Intensionality and Contexts’, and I would like to also acknowledge a grant from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research which enabled me to do some work on comparatives at the Universiteit van Amsterdam in 1977. Of the many people who have contributed to the ideas expressed here, Hans Kamp has been undoubtedly the most important. Over the last few years, I have profited enormously from many conversations with him on the topic of comparatives. I am also particularly grateful for the comments and criticisms I have received from Gerald Gazdar, Frank Heny, Ruth Kempson, Christopher Longuet-Higgins, Barry Richards, Ivan Sag, and an anonymous referee of this journal. Last of all, I would like to thank Jane Blackett for cheerfully undertaking to type the penultimate draft.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Klein, E. A semantics for positive and comparative adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy 4, 1–45 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351812
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351812