Abstract
A monoclonal antibody, LM1, has been derived that has a high affinity for an epitope of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). In suspension-cultured rice (Oryza sativa L.) cells the epitope is carried by three major proteins with different biochemical properties. The most abundant is the 95-kDa extracellular rice extensin, a threonine- and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (THRGP) occurring in the cell wall and secreted into the medium. This THRGP can be selectively oxidatively cross-linked in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and an endogenous peroxidase with the result that it does not enter a protein gel. A second polypeptide with the LM1 epitope (180 kDa), also occurring in the suspension-cultured cells and medium, is not oxidatively cross-linked. Three further polypeptides (52, 65 and 110 kDa) with the characteristics of hydrophobic proteins of the plasma-membrane also carry the LM1 epitope as determined by immuno-blotting of detergent/aqueous partitions of a plasma-membrane preparation and immuno-fluorescence studies with rice protoplasts. At the rice root apex the LM1 epitope is carried by four glycoproteins and is developmentally regulated. The major locations of the epitope are at the surface of cells associated with the developing protoxylem and metaxylem in the stele, the longitudinal radial walls of epidermal cells and a sheath-like structure at the surface of the root apex.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AGP:
-
arabinogalactan protein
- ELISA:
-
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HRGP:
-
hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein
- THRGP:
-
threonine- and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein
References
Akashi, T., Shibaoka, H. (1991) Involvement of transmembrane proteins in the association of cortical microtubules with the plasma membrane in tobacco BY2 cells. J. Cell Sci. 98, 169–174
Akashi, T., Kawasaki, S., Shibaoka, H. (1990) Stabilisation of cortical microtubules by the cell wall in cultured tobacco cells. Planta 182, 363–369
Baginski, E.S., Foa, P.P., Zak, B. (1967) Determination of phosphate: study of labile organic phosphate interference. Clin. Chim. Acta 15, 155–158
Bazin, H. (1982) Production of rat monoclonal antibodies with the LOU rat non-secreting IR983F myeloma cell line. Prot. Biol. Fluids 29, 615–618
Bordier, A.L. (1981) Phase separation of integral membrane proteins in Triton-X-114 solution. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 1604–1607
Bradley, D.J., Kjellbom, P., Lamb C.J. (1992) Elicitor- and wound-inducible oxidative cross-linking of a proline-rich plant cell wall protein. Cell 70, 21–30
Brownleader, M.D., Dey, P.M. (1993) Purification of extensin from the cell walls of tomato (hybrid of Lycopersicon esculentum and L. peruvianum) cells in suspension culture. Planta 191, 457–469
Brownleader, M.D, Golden, K.D., Dey, P.M. (1993) An inhibitor of extensin peroxidase in cultured tomato cells. Phytochemistry 33, 755–758
Caelles, C., Delseny, M., Puigdomenech, P. (1992) The hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein from Oryza sativa. Plant Mol. Biol. 18, 617–619
Carpita, N.C., Gibeaut, D.M. (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J. 3, 1–30
Chen, Z., Silva, H., Klessig, D.F. (1993) Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. Science 262, 1883–1886
Cooper, J.B., Varner, J.E. (1983) Insolubilisation of hydroxyprolinerich cell wall glycoprotein in aerated carrot root slices. Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. 112, 161–167
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., Smith, F. (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28, 350–356
Epstein, L., Lamport, D.T.A. (1984) An intramolecular linkage involving isodityrosine in extensin. Phytochemistry 23, 1241–1246
Everdeen, D.S, Kiefer, S., Willard, J.J., Muldoon, E.P., Dey, P.M., Li, X-B., Lamport, D.T.A. (1988) Enzymic cross-linkage of monomeric extensin precursors in vitro. Plant Physiol. 87, 616–621
Fritz, S.E., Hood, K.R., Hood, E.E. (1991) Localisation of soluble and insoluble fractions of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins during maize kernel development. J. Cell Sci. 98, 545–550
Fry, S.C. (1986) Cross-linking of matrix polymers in the growing cell walls of angiosperms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37, 165–186
Gallagher, S.R., Leonard, R.T. (1982) Effect of vanadate, molybdate and azide on membrane-associated ATPase and soluble phosphatase activities of corn roots. Plant Physiol. 77, 196–201
Hammond-Kosack, K.E., Atkinson H.J., Bowles D.J. (1989) Systemic accumulation of novel proteins in the apoplast of potato plants following root invasion by the cyst-nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Mol. Plant. Pathol. 35, 495–506
Herman, E.M., Lamb, C.J. (1992) Arabinogalactan-rich glycoproteins are localised on the cell surface and in intra-vacuolar multivesicular bodies. Plant Physiol. 98, 264–272
Hood, E.E., Shen, Q.X., Varner, J.E. (1988) A developmentally regulated hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein in maize pericarp cell walls. Plant Physiol. 87, 138–142
Kakimoto, T., Shibaoka, H. (1986) Calcium-sensitivity of cortical microtubules in the green alga Mougeotia. Plant Cell Physiol. 27, 91–101
Kieliszewski, M.J., Lamport, D.T.A. (1987) Purification and partial characterisation of a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein from Zea mays. Plant Physiol. 85, 823–827
Kieliszewski, M.J., Lamport, D.T.A. (1994) Extensin: repetitive motifs, functional sites, post-translational codes and phylogeny. Plant J. 5, 157–172
Kieliszewski, M.J., Leykam J.F., Lamport, D.T.A. (1990) Structure of the threonine-rich extensin from Zea mays. Plant Physiol. 92, 316–326
Knox, J.P., Linstead, P.J., King, J., Cooper, C., Roberts, K. (1990) Pectin esterification is spatially regulated both within cell walls and between developing tissues of root apices. Planta 181, 512–521
Knox, J.P., Linstead, P.J., Peart, J., Cooper, C., Roberts, K. (1991) Developmentally-regulated epitopes of cell surface arabinogalactan-proteins and their relation to root tissue pattern formation. Plant J. 1, 317–326
Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227, 680–685
Larsson, C. (1985) Plasma membranes. Modern methods of plant analysis (N.S.) 1, 85–104
Leach, J.E., Cantrell, M.A., Sequeira, L. (1982) A hydroxyprolinerich bacterial agglutinin from potato: extraction, purification and characterisation. Plant Physiol. 92, 327–333
Liddell, J.E., Cryer, A. (1991) A practical guide to monoclonal antibodies. John Wiley and Sons
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall R.J. (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265–275
Ludevid, M.D., Ruiz-Avila, L., Valles, M.P., Stiefel, V., Torrent, M., Tome, J.M., Puigdomenech, P. (1990) Expression of genes for cell-wall proteins in dividing and wounded tissues of Zea mays. Planta 180, 524–529
Malamy, J., Carr, J.P., Klessig, D.F., Raskin, I. (1990) Salicylic acid: a likely endogenous signal in the resistance response of tobacco to viral infection. Science 250, 1002–1004
Mellon, J.E., Helgeson, J.P. (1982) Interaction of a hydroxyprolinerich glycoprotein from tobacco callus with potential pathogens. Plant Physiol. 70, 401–405
Metraux, J.P., Signer, H., Ryals, J., Ward, E., Wyss-Benz, M., Gaudin, J., Schmidt, E., Blum, W., Inveradi, B. (1990) Increase in salicylic acid at the onset of systemic acquired resistance in cucumber. Science 250, 1004–1006
Murphy, J.M., Hood, E.E. (1993) Molecular basis for extensin size heterogeneity in two maize varieties. Plant Mol. Biol. 21, 885–893
Oparka, K.J., Prior, D.A.M., Crawford, J.W. (1994) Behaviour of plasma membrane and plasmodesmata during plasmolysis of onion epidermal cells. Plant Cell Environ. 17, 163–171
Pont-Lezica, R.F., McNally, J.G., Pickard, B.G. (1993) Wall-tomembrane linkers in onion epidermis: some hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ. 16, 111–123
Rasmussen, J.B., Hammerschmidt, R., Zook, M.N. (1991) Systemic induction of salicylic acid accumulation in cucumber after innoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. Plant Physiol. 97, 1342–1347
Shedletsky, E., Shmuel, M., Trainin, T., Kalman, S., Delmer, D. (1992) Cell wall structure in cells adapted to growth on the cellulose-synthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. Plant Physiol. 100, 120–130
Showalter, A.M. (1993) Structure and function of plant cell wall proteins. Plant Cell 5, 9–23
Smallwood, M., Beven, A., Donovan, N., Neill, S.J., Peart, J., Roberts, K., Knox, J. P. (1994) Localization of cell wall proteins in relation to the developmental anatomy of the carrot root apex. Plant J. 5, 237–246
Stafstrom. J.P., Staehelin, L.A. (1986) Cross-linking patterns in saltextractable extensin from carrot cell walls. Plant Physiol. 81, 234–241
Sutherland, M.W. (1991) The generation of oxygen radicals during host plant responses to infection. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 39, 79–94
Towbin, H., Staehlin, T., Gordon, J. (1979) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4350–4354
Waffenschmidt, S., Woessner, J.P., Beer, K., Goodenough, U.W. (1993) Isodityrosine cross-linking mediates insolubilisation of walls in Chlamydomonas. Plant Cell 5, 809–820
van Holst, G.J., Varner, J.E. (1984) Reinforced polyproline II conformation in a hydroxyproline-rich cell-wall glycoprotein from carrot root. Plant Physiol. 74, 247–251
Yalpani, N., Silverman, P., Wilson, T.M.A., Kleier, D.A., Raskin, I. (1991) Salicylic acid as a systemic signal and an inducer of pathogenesis-related proteins. Plant Cell 3, 809–818
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This work was supported by The Leverhulme Trust. We also acknowledge support from The Royal Society and thank Prof. L.A. Staehelin for the carrot extensin, N. Stacey for the rice cell culture and Dr. J. Keen for protein sequencing.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smallwood, M., Martin, H. & Knox, J.P. An epitope of rice threonine- and hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein is common to cell wall and hydrophobic plasma-membrane glycoproteins. Planta 196, 510–522 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203651
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203651