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Le diagnostic prénatal non invasif (DPNI) sur sang maternel

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis in maternal blood

  • Mise au Point / Update
  • Published:
Revue de médecine périnatale

Résumé

La présence d’ADN fœtal libre circulant dans le plasma (ou le sérum) maternel a été mise en évidence par Lo et al. en 1997. En 2002, cet ADN foetal devient un outil de diagnostic prénatal. Les cellules trophoblastiques en sont probablement la source principale. Contrairement aux cellules foetales circulantes qui sont également étudiées comme possible alternative, mais dont l’analyse se heurte à des problèmes d’isolement et d’enrichissement préalable, l’ADN foetal circulant est assez facilement mis en évidence par des techniques d’amplification génique. Les deux principales indications de cette approche non invasive de diagnostic prénatal sont pour l’instant, la détermination du sexe foetal et la détermination du génotype RHD foetal. Ces techniques ont modifié la prise en charge des femmes enceintes conductrices d’une maladie génétique liée à l’X en réservant les biopsies de trophoblaste aux seules patientes portant un foetus de sexe masculin. Par ailleurs, la possibilité de déterminer le statut RHD foetal doit permettre de mieux cibler la prophylaxie anti-D et de la réserver aux seules patientes à risques c’est à dire celles dont le foetus est rhésus positif. Il est maintenant possible de faire un diagnostic d’aneuploïdies à partir de cet ADN foetal circulant. Le diagnostic de trisomie 21, 18 et 13 a été proposé dans certains pays, d’abord pour les patientes placées dans un groupe à risque par le dépistage classique de la T21, et depuis quelques mois en population générale. Les avancées technologiques extrêmement rapides dans ce domaine et la possibilité de réaliser ce test en envoyant des tubes de sang à l’étranger rendent urgente la mise au point de ce test en France afin d’assurer une égalité d’accès aux soins pour les patientes.

Abstract

Circulating fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum was first demonstrated by Lo et al. in 1997 and has become a useful tool for prenatal diagnosis less than five years later. There is more and more evidence that trophoblatic cells act as the major source of this circulating fetal DNA. Contrary to fetal cells analysis in maternal blood which requires isolation and enrichment procedures, fetal DNA analysis is relatively easy to perform with the use of realtime PCR. Non invasive fetal sex and fetal RHD genotype determination are, to date, the two main clinical indications. Those newly offered possibilities have changed the management of pregnant women who are carriers for X-linked genetic disorders; prenatal diagnosis by choriovillous sampling could only be performed for male fetuses avoiding an unnecessary risk of fetal loss for female fetuses. Moreover, fetal RHD genotyping, by maternal blood analysis, could be useful in RHD negative women at risk of RHD immunization in order to adapt prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin injection to avoid unnecessary administration in case of a RHD negative fetus. Aneuploidies detection is now possible using free fetal DNA in maternal blood. Trisomy 21, 18 and 13’s diagnosis is presently offered in various countries. First as a screening test for high risk patients selected by the classical screening test, it has recently been offered to general population. The extremely rapid technological advances in this field and the ability to perform this test by sending blood abroad render urgent implementing those tests in France in order to ensure equal access to health care for patients.

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Correspondence to A. Benachi.

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Benachi, A., Costa, J.M. Le diagnostic prénatal non invasif (DPNI) sur sang maternel. Rev. med. perinat. 5, 150–154 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12611-013-0249-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12611-013-0249-1

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