Abstract
Recent EU legislation (EC/2065/2001) requires that fish products, of wild and farmed origin, must provide consumer information that describes geographical origin and production method. The aim of the present study was to establish methods that could reliably differentiate between wild and farmed European gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The methods that were chosen were based on chemical and stable isotopic analysis of the readily accessible lipid fraction. This study examined fatty acid profiles by capillary gas chromatography and the isotopic composition of fish oil (δ13C, δ18O), phospholipid choline nitrogen (δ15N) and compound specific analysis of fatty acids (δ13C) by isotope ratio mass spectroscopy as parameters that could reliably discriminate samples of wild and farmed sea bream. The sample set comprised of 15 farmed and 15 wild gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), obtained from Greece and Spain, respectively. Discrimination was achieved using fatty acid compositions, with linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), stearic acid (18:0), vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) providing the highest contributions for discrimination. Principle components analysis of the data set highlighted good discrimination between wild and farmed fish. Factor 1 and 2 accounted for >70% of the variation in the data. The variables contributing to this discrimination were: the fatty acids 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7, 22:1n-11, 18:2n-6 and 22:5n-3; δ13C of the fatty acids 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3; Bulk oil fraction δ13C; glycerol/choline fraction bulk δ13C; δ15N; % N; % lipid.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sargent JR, Tacon AGJ (1999) Development of farmed fish: a nutritionally necessary alternative to meat. Proc Nutr Soc 58:377–383
FAO (2005a) FAO Fisheries Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit, Fishstat Plus: Universal software for fishery statistical time series, Aquaculture production: quantities 1950–2003, Aquaculture production: values 1984–2003, Capture production:1950–2003, Commodities production and trade: 1950–2003, Total production:1970–2003, Vers. 2.30
Hites RA, Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ (2004) Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon. Science 303:226–229
European Commission Regulation 199/2006a amending Regulation (EC) 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition and Committee on Toxicology (SACN/COT) (2004) Advice on fish consumption: benefits and risks. The Stationary Office, Norwich. Available online at http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2004/jun/fishreport2004
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2005) EFSA J 236:123 pages. Available online at http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/contam/contam_opinions/1007_en.html
Barber MD, Ross JA, Preston T, Shenkin A, Fearon KC (1999) Fish-oil enriched nutritional supplement attenuates progression of the acute phase response in weight-losing patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. J Nutr 129:1120–1125
Barber MD, McMillan DC, Preston T, Ross JA, Fearon KCH (2000) Metabolic response to feeding in weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients and its modulation by a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement. Clin Sci 98:389–399
Barber MD, Preston T, McMillan DC, Slater C, Ross JA, Fearon KCH (2004) Modulation of the liver export protein synthetic response to feeding by an n-3 fatty-acid-enriched nutritional supplement is associated with anabolism in cachectic cancer patients. Clin Sci 106(4):359–364
Moses AWG, Slater C, Preston T, Barber MD, Fearon KCH (2004) The reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer can be modulated by energy and protein dense oral supplements enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Br J Cancer 90(5):996–1002
Horrocks LA, Yeo YK (1999) Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacol Res 40:211–225
Sastry PS (1985) Lipids of nervous tissue: composition and metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 24:69–176
Simopoulos AP (1991) Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr 54:438–463
Calder PC (2001) Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. Lipids 36:1007–1024
Young G, Conquer J (2005) Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Reprod Nutr Dev 45:1–28
Tacon AGJ (2004) Use of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture: a global perspective. Aquatic Resour Cult Dev 1:18–19
Bell JG, McGhee F, Dick JR, Tocher DR (2005) Dioxin and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Scottish farmed salmon (Salmo salar): effects of replacement of dietary marine fish oil with vegetable oils. Aquaculture 243:305–314
Berntssen MHG, Lundebye A-K, Torstensen BE (2005) Reducing the levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in farmed Atlantic salmon by substitution of fish oil with vegetable oil in the feed. Aquac Nutr 11:219–231
Torstensen BE, Bell JG, Sargent JR, Rosenlund G, Henderson RJ, Graff IE, Lie Ø, Tocher DR (2005) Tailoring of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) flesh lipid composition and sensory quality by replacing fish oil with a vegetable oil blend. J Agric Food Chem 53:10166–10178
Periago MJ, Ayala MD, Lopez-Albors O, Abdel I, Matinez C, Garcia-Alcazar A, Ros G, Gil F (2005) Muscle cellularity and flesh quality of wild and farmed sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. Aquaculture 249:175–188
Blanchet C, Lucas M, Julien P, Morin R, Gingras S, Dewailly E (2005) Fatty acid composition of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids 40:529–531
Preston T (1992) The measurement of stable isotope natural abundance variations. Plant Cell Environ 15:1091–1097
Craig H (1957) Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 12:133–149
Coplen TB, Brand WA, Gehre M, Groning M, Meijer HA, Toman B, Verkouteren RM (2006) New guidelines for delta(13)C measurements. Anal Chem 78:2439–2441
Morrison DJ, Cooper K, Slater C, Waldron S, Weaver LT, Preston T (2004) A streamlined approach to the analysis of volatile fatty acids and its application to the measurement of whole body flux. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:2593–2600
Grigorakis K, Taylor KDA, Alexis MN (2003) Organoleptic and volatile aroma compounds comparison of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): sensory differences and possible chemical basis. Aquaculture 225:109–119
Mnari A, Bouhlel I, Chraief I, Hammami M, Rondhane MS, El Cafsi M, Chaouch A (2007) Fatty acids in muscles and liver of Tunisian wild and farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Food Chem 100:1393–1397
Gomez-Requeni P, Mingarro M, Kirchner S, Calduch-Giner JA, Medale F, Martin SAM, Houlihan DF, Kaushik SJ, Perez-Sanchez J (2004) Protein growth performance, amino acid utilisation and somatotrophic axis responsiveness to fish meal replacement by plant protein sources in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 232:493–510
Mourente G, Good JE, Bell JG (2005) Partial substitution of fish oil with rapeseed, linseed and olive oils in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) effects on flesh fatty acid composition, plasma prostaglandins E2 and F2α, immune function and effectiveness of a fish oil finishing diet. Aquac Nutr 11:25–40
Farndale BM, Bell JG, Bruce MP, Bromage NR, Oyen F, Zanuy S, Sargent JR (1999) Dietary lipid composition affects blood leucocyte fatty acid compositions and plasma eicosanoid concentrations in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 179:335–350
Bell MV, Dick JR, Thrush M, Navarro JC (1996) Decreased 20:4n-6/20:5n-3 ratio in sperm from cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, broodstock compared with wild fish. Aquaculture 144:189–199
O’Leary MH, Madhavan S, Paneth P (1992) Physical and chemical basis of carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Plant Cell Environ 15:1099–1104
Preston T, Slater C (1994) Mass spectrometric analysis of stable isotope labelled amino acid tracers. Proc Nutr Soc 53:363–372
Acknowledgement
We thank Paul Gorman of SUERC for his technical assistance. This work was funded by the UK Food Standards Agency, London (Project no. Q02067).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Morrison, D.J., Preston, T., Bron, J.E. et al. Authenticating Production Origin of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) by Chemical and Isotopic Fingerprinting. Lipids 42, 537–545 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-007-3055-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-007-3055-3