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Insulintherapie auf der Intensivstation

Insulin treatment in intensive care units

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Zusammenfassung

Erhöhte Blutglukosewerte sind bei Patienten mit und ohne bekannten Diabetes mellitus auf Intensivstationen mit einer erhöhten Mortalität und Morbidität assoziiert. Nach dem Stand der Interventionsstudien sowie den wenigen weltweiten Standards und Leitlinien zur Insulintherapie auf Intensivstationen galt bis einschließlich 2007: Beginn einer Insulintherapie bei Blutglukosewerten >110–140 mg/dl (>6,1–7,8 mmol/l) mit dem Ziel, einen Plasmaglukosespiegel von 80–110 mg/dl (4,4–6,1 mmol/l) zu erreichen. Große Studien und auch Metaanalysen erbrachten in den folgenden Jahren völlig andere Ergebnisse. Die aggressive Therapie hatte keinen günstigen Einfluss auf die Mortalität; diese war in der größten Interventionsstudie (NICE-SUGAR, CMAJ 2009, 180:821–827) sogar signifikant höher gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe. Die Morbidität unter Einbeziehung der schweren Hypoglykämien war in allen Studien erhöht. Daher empfehlen die Fachgesellschaften in ihren Leitlinien seit 2009, auf den Intensivstationen eine i.v.-Insulin-Therapie erst bei Plasmaglukosewerten  > 180 mg/dl (>10 mmol/l) zu starten und den Zielbereich von 140–180 mg/dl (7,8–10 mmol/l) anzustreben. Da der Vermeidung schwerer Hypoglykämien eine besonders wichtige Rolle in dieser Therapie zukommt, sollten nur sichere Insulinprotokolle eingesetzt werden. Das Yale-Protokoll zählt zu den sichersten Insulintherapiealgorithmen und wird detailliert vorgestellt.

Abstract

Hyperglycemia in patients treated in intensive care units (ICU) with and without known diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Until 2007 the limited evidence from controlled studies and guidelines recommended the following: start insulin treatment when plasma glucose levels are higher than 110–140 mg/dl (6.1–7.8 mmol/l) targeting plasma glucose levels of 80–110 mg/dl (4.4–6.1 mmol/l). Larger studies and meta-analyses from 2008 onwards showed completely different results. The aggressive insulin treatment showed no beneficial effects on mortality and the largest study (NICE-SUGAR, CMAJ 2009, 180:821–827) even showed an increased mortality rate compared to moderately treated controls. The morbidity in consideration of severe hypoglycemia was increased in all studies. Therefore scientific societies changed their guidelines from 2009 recommending insulin treatment when plasma glucose levels are higher than 180 mg/dl (10 mmol/l) and targeting plasma glucose levels of 140–180 mg/dl (7.8–10 mmol/l). As the prevention of severe hypoglycemia is extremely important only safe insulin protocols should be used. The Yale protocol is one of the safest insulin algorithms and will be presented here in detail.

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Dreyer, M. Insulintherapie auf der Intensivstation. Diabetologe 7, 489–495 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-011-0749-1

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