Abstract
Research on brain or cognitive/affective processes, culture, social interaction, and structural analysis are overlapping but often independent ways humans have attempted to understand the origins of their evolution, historical, and contemporary development. Each level seeks to employ its own theoretical concepts and methods for depicting human nature and categorizing objects and events in the world, and often relies on different sources of evidence to support theoretical claims. Each level makes reference to different temporal bandwidths (milliseconds, seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years, decades, and centuries) and focuses on different spatio-temporal activities and controlled and non-controlled stimulus conditions. Biological mechanisms and environmental pressures for survival simultaneously created a gradual intersection and enhancement of cognitive/affective skills, cultural practices, and changes in collaborative social interaction and communicative skills. The evolution of a given level of analysis is assumed to have been incremental and overlapping. These innovative and independent ways humans have learned to characterize their brain or cognitive/affective and social/economic/political life often depend on unexamined, “representational re-descriptions” or cognitive/affective and socio-cultural devices and forms of communication that facilitate the depiction of practices and beliefs we attribute to respondents or subjects and research colleagues.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altmann J (1974) Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49:227–267
Altmann J (1980) Baboon mothers and infants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Arthur WB (1999) Complexity and the economy. Science 284:107–109
Barker RG, Wright HF (1951) One boy’s day: a specimen record of behavior. Harper, New York
Barker RG,Wright HF (1955) The midwest and its children: the psychological ecology of an american town. Row, Perterson, Evanston
Boas F (1904) The history of anthropology. Science 20:513–524
Boas F (1914) Mythology and folktales of the North American Indians. J Am Folklore 27:374–410
Boesch C (1996) The emergence of cultures among wild chimpanzees. Proc Br Acad 88:251–268
Bohannon P (1957) Justice and judgement among the Tiv. Oxford University Press, London
Bourdieu P, Passeron JC (1977) Reproduction in education, society and culture. Sage, London
Bruner J (1990) Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Byrne RW (1995) The thinking ape: evolutionary origins of intelligence. Oxford University Press, New York
Byrne RW, Whiten A (1988) Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the development of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford University Press, New York
Call J, Tomasello M (1996) The effect of humans on the cognitive development of apes. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 371–403
Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Silk JB (1995) The response of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursines) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning. J Comp Psychol 109:134–141
Cicourel AV (1995) Medical speech events as resources for inferring differences in expert-novice diagnostic reasoning. In: Quasthoff UM (ed) Aspects of oral communication. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 364–387
Cicourel AV (2002) La gestion des rendez-vous dans un service medical specialisé. [The scheduling of appointments in a medical specialty clinic]. Actes Rech Sci Soc 143:3–17
Cicourel AV, Jennings K, Leiter K, Mackay R, Mehan H, Roth D (1974) Language use and classroom performance. Academic, New York
Cole M (1996) Cultural psychology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Conklin HC (1954) The relation of Hanunoo culture to the plant world. Dissertation. Yale University Press, New Haven
Corsaro W (1985) Friendship and peer culture in the early years. Ablex, Norwood
Custance DM, Bard KA (1994) The comparative and developmental study of self-recognition and imitation: The importance of social factors. In: Parker ST, Mitchell RW, Boccia ML (eds) Self-awareness in animals and humans: developmental perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 207–226
D’Andrade R (1981) The cultural part of cognition. Cogn Sci 5:179–195
D’Andrade R (1989) Culturally based reasoning. In: Gellatly ARH, Rogers D, Sloboda JA (eds) Cognition and social worlds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 132–143
D’Andrade R (1995) The development of cognitive anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
de Waal FBM (1989) Peacemaking among primates. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
de Waal FBM (1996) Conflict as negotiation. In: McGrew WC, Marchant LF, Nishida T (eds) Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 139–172
Durkheim É (1951) Suicide. Free Press, Glencoe
Elman JL, Bates EA, Johnson MH, Karmiloff-Smith A, Parisi D, Plunkett K (1996) Rethinking innateness: a connectionist perspective on development. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Evans-Pritchard EE (1937) Witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Fauconnier G, Turner M (2002) The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind’s hidden complexities. Basic Books, New York
Fortes M (1945) The dynamics of clanship among the Tallensi. Oxford University Press, London
Gladwin T (1970) East is a big bird: navigation and logic on Puluwat Atol. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Gluckman M (1965) The ideas in Barotse jurisprudence. Yale University Press, New Haven
Goodenough W (1951) Property, kin, and community on Truk. Yale University Press, New Haven
Hallowell AI (1955) Culture and experience. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia
Heath SB (1983) Ways with words. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hoijer H (1945) Navaho phonology. New Mexico University Press, Albuquerque
Hutchins E (1991) The social organization of distributed cognition. In: Resnick LB, Levine JM, Teasley SD (eds) Perspectives on socially shared cognition. American Psychological Association Press, Washington, DC, pp 283–307
Hutchins E (1995) Cognition in the wild. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Jaisson M (2002) La mort a-t-elle mauvais genre? La structure des specialités medicales a l’epreuve de la morphologie sociale? [Can the social organization of medical specialties adapt to changes in social structure?]. Actes Rech Sci Soc 143:44–52
Johnson CM (2001) Distributed primate cognition: A review. Anim Cogn 4:167–183
Karmiloff-Smith A (1992) Beyond modularity: a developmental perspective on cognitive science. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Krebs JR, Davies NB (1993) An introduction to behavioural ecology, 1st edn. Blackwell, Oxford
Kroeber AL (1937) Athabascan kin term systems. Am Anthropol 39:601–608
Labov W, Waletsky J (1967) Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. In: Helm J (eds) Essays in the verbal and visual arts. Proceedings of the 1966 annual spring meeting of the American Ethnological Society. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 12–44
Le Doux J (1996) The emotional brain: the mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon and Schuster, New York
Leach ER (1954) Pul Eliya, a village in Ceylon: a study of land tenure and kinship. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Lenoir R (1995) L’invention de la demographie et la formation de l’État. [The invention of demography and the formation of the State]. Actes Rech Sci Soc 108:36–61
Lewis O (1959) Five families: Mexican case studies in the culture of poverty. Basic Books, New York
Limongelli L, Boysen ST, Visalberghi E (1995) Comprehension of cause-effect relations in a tool-using task by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Comp Psychol 109:18–26
Lowie RH (1935) The Crow Indians. Rinehart, New York
Malinowski B (1950) Argonauts of the western pacific: An account of native enterprise and adventure in the archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. Dutton, New York
McGrew WC (1992) Chimpanzee material culture: Implications for human evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mead M (1928) Coming of age in Samoa: a psychological study of primitive youth for western civilization. W.Morrow & Company, New York
Mehan H (1979) Learning lessons. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Miles HL, Mitchell RW, Harper SE (1996) Simon says: The development of imitation in an enculturated orangutan. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 278–299
Miller PJ (1982) Amy, Wendy, and Beth: Learning language in South Baltimore. University of Texas Press, Austin
Ochs E (1988) Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Parker ST (1996) Apprenticeship in tool-mediated extractive foraging: the origins of imitation, teaching and self-awareness in great apes. In: Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 348–370
Philips S (1982) The invisible culture: communication in classroom and community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. Longmans, New York
Premack D (2004) Is language the key to human intelligence? Science 303(5656):318–320
Propp V (1968) Morphology of the folktale. Published for The American Folklore Society and Indiana University Research Center for the Language Sciences by the University of Texas Press, Austin
Radcliffe-Brown AR, Forde D (eds) (1950) African systems of kinship and marriage. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Redfield R (1941) The folk culture of Yucatan. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Redfield R (1963) The little community and peasant culture. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Roberts J (1964) The self-management of cultures. In: Goodenough W (ed) Explorations in cultural anthropology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 433–454
Rogoff B (1990) Apprenticeship in thinking. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Rumelhart D (1989) Toward a microstructural account of human reasoning. In: Vosniadou S, Ortony A (eds) Similarity and analogical reasoning. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 298–312
Russon AE, Bard KA, Parker ST (eds) (1996) Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Sapir E (1910) Song recitative in Paiute mythology. J Am Folklore 23:455-472
Sapir E (1990–1991) American Indian languages. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin
de Saussure F (1966) Course in general linguistics (Translated from the French by W.Baskin). McGraw-Hill, New York
Schacter D (ed) (1995) Memory distortion: How minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Schieffelin B (1990) The give and take of everyday life: Language socialization among the Kaluli. Cambridge University Press, New York
Schütz A (1953) Common-sense and scientific interpretation of human action. Philos Phenomenol Res 14:1–38
Shanker SG, King BJ (2003) The emergence of a new paradigm in ape language research. Behav Brain Sci 25:605–647
Squire L (1987) Memory and brain. Oxford University Press, New York
Squire L, Kandel E (1999) Memory: from mind to molecules. Scientific American Library, New York
Tilly C (1998) Micro, macro, or megrim? In: Schlumbohm J (eds) Mikrogeschichte – Makrogeschichte: komplementaer oder inkommensurablel? Wallstein Verlag, Goettingen, pp 33–52
Tilley C (2004) Reasons Why. Sociol Theory 22:445–455
Tomasello M (1999) The cultural origins of human cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Tomasello M, Call J (1997) Primate cognition. Oxford University Press, New York
Tomasello M, Kruger AC, Ratner HH (1993) Cult learn. Behav Brain Sci 16:495–552
Vygotsky L (1978) Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Whiten A (1991) The thinking ape: evolutionary origins of intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Whiten A (2000) Primate culture and social learning. Cogn Sci 24:477–508
Whiting B (ed) (1966) Six cultures. Wiley, New York
Acknowledgements
I want to thank William Hanks, Christine Johnson, and Charles Tilly for remarks that forced me to re-write the first third of the paper. My guess is that Tilly would continue to raise objections.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cicourel, A.V. Cognitive/affective processes, social interaction, and social structure as representational re-descriptions: their contrastive bandwidths and spatio-temporal foci. Mind & Society 5, 39–70 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-006-0008-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-006-0008-0