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Lack of Evidence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Nonhuman Primates in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire: Limitations of Noninvasive Methods and SIV Diagnostic Tools for Studies of Primate Retroviruses

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Abstract

It is now well established that the human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, are the results of cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) naturally infecting nonhuman primates in sub-Saharan Africa. SIVs are found in many African primates, and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. Sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius badius) are infected with SIV at a high rate in the Taï Forest, Côte d’Ivoire. We investigated the SIV infection and prevalence in 6 other monkey species living in the Taï Forest using noninvasive methods. We collected 127 fecal samples from 2 colobus species (Colobus polykomos and Procolobus verus) and 4 guenon species (C. diana, C. campbelli, C. petaurista, and C. nictitans). We tested these samples for HIV cross-reactive antibodies and performed reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) targeting the gag, pol, and env regions of the SIV genome. We screened 16 human microsatellites for use in individual discrimination and identified 4–6 informative markers per species. Serological analysis of 112 samples yielded negative (n = 86) or uninterpretable (n = 26) results. PCR analysis on 74 samples confirmed the negative results. These results may reflect either the limited number of individuals sampled or a low prevalence of infection. Further research is needed to improve the sensitivity of noninvasive methods for SIV detection.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Ministère d’Enseignement Supérieur et Recherche Scientifique, the Ministère d’Agriculture et Ressources Animales, the Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifiques(CSRS) in Abidjan, the P.A.C.P.N.T., and the Centre de Recherche en Ecologie in Côte d’Ivoire for support and permission to conduct research in the Taï National Park. We thank the Taï Monkey Project and in particular F. Bélé, C. Benetton, and B. Diero for helping in sample collection; C. Butel, F. Van Heuverswyn, N. Vidal, A. Aghokeng, and F. Liégeois for technical advice and help in the laboratory in Montpellier; F. Leendertz and J. Refisch for involvement in the early phase of the project; and M. Tanner and J. Zinsstag for critical support outside the field. We also thank the journal editor J. M. Setchell and 3 anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. The virology section of this study was financially supported by the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), the Agence Nationale de Recherches pour le SIDA (ANRS) and by the National Institute of Health (R01AI50529). Sabrina Locatelli was supported by grants from the Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries (KFPE), Bern; the Messerli foundation, Zürich; and the Guggenheim-Schnurr Foundation, Basel.

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  1. Sabrina Locatelli

    Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UMR 145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France

    Sabrina Locatelli, Eric Delaporte & Martine Peeters

  2. Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK

    Amy D. Roeder & Michael W. Bruford

  3. Ethologie des Primates (DEPE-IPHC-UMR 7178), Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, Strasbourg, France

    Ronald Noë

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  1. Sabrina Locatelli
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Correspondence to Sabrina Locatelli.

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Locatelli, S., Roeder, A.D., Bruford, M.W. et al. Lack of Evidence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Nonhuman Primates in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire: Limitations of Noninvasive Methods and SIV Diagnostic Tools for Studies of Primate Retroviruses. Int J Primatol 32, 288–307 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9466-7

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