Skip to main content
Log in

The Influence of Ethics Instruction, Religiosity, and Intelligence on Cheating Behavior

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examines the influence of ethics instruction, religiosity, and intelligence on cheating behavior. A sample of 230 upper level, undergraduate business students had the opportunity to increase their chances of winning money in an experimental situation by falsely reporting their task performance. In general, the results indicate that students who attended worship services more frequently were less likely to cheat than those who attended worship services less frequently, but that students who had taken a course in business ethics were no less likely to cheat than students who had not taken such a course. However, the results do indicate that the extent to which taking a business ethics course influenced cheating behavior was moderated by the religiosity and intelligence of the individual student. In particular, while students who were highly religious were unlikely to cheat whether or not they had taken a business ethics course, students who were not highly religious demonstrated less cheating if they had taken a business ethics course. In addition, the extent of cheating among highly intelligent students was significantly reduced if such students had taken a course in business ethics. Likewise, individuals who were highly intelligent displayed significantly less cheating if they were also highly religious. The implications of these findings are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Khatib J. A., A. D’Auria Stanton, M. Y. A. Rawwas: 2005, Ethical Segmentation of Consumers in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis. International Marketing Review 22, 225–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khatib J. A., C. J. Robertson, D. N. Lascu: 2004, Post-Communist Consumer Ethics: The Case of Romania. Journal of Business Ethics 54, 81–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allmon D. E., D. Page, R. Roberts: 2000, Determinants of Perceptions of Cheating: Ethical Orientation, Personality and Demographics. Journal of Business Ethics 23, 411–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anastasi A.: 1992, What Counselors Should Know About the Use and Interpretation of Psychological Tests. Journal of Counseling and Development 70(5), 610–615

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett T., K. Bass, G. Brown: 1996, Religiosity, Ethical Ideology, and Intentions to Report a Peer’s Wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics 15, 1161–1174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi R. A., R. L. Metzger, R. G. S. Bruno, M. A. W. Hoogkamp, L. E. Reyes, G. H. Barnaby: 2004, Examining the Decision Process of Students’ Cheating Behavior: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Ethics 50, 397–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brendel J. M., J. B. Kolbert, V. A. Foster: 2002, Promoting Student Cognitive Development. Journal of Adult Development 9, 217–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruggeman E. L., K. J. Hart: 1996, Cheating, Lying, and Moral Reasoning by Religious and Secular High School Students. Journal of Educational Research 89, 340–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan D.: 2004, The Cheating Culture. Harcourt, Orlando, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu R. K., C. B. Erdener: 2003, The Ethics of Peer Reporting in Chinese Societies: Evidence from Hong Kong and Shanghai. International Journal of Human Resource Management 14, 335–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conroy S. J., T. L. N. Emerson: 2004, Business Ethics and Religion: Religiosity as a Predictor of Ethical Awareness Among Students. Journal of Business Ethics 50(4), 383–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings R., L. Dyas, C. D. Maddux, A. Kochman: 2001, Principled Moral Reasoning and Behavior of Preservice Teacher Education Students. American Educational Research Journal 38, 143–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeGeorge R. T.: 2006, Business Ethics. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Dellaportas S: 2006, Making a Difference with a Discrete Course on Accounting Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 65, 391–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeMore S. W., J. D. Fisher, R. M. Baron: 1988. The Equity-Control Model as a Predictor of Vandalism Among College Students. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18, 80–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky A. J., R. Nataraajan, W. Y. Huang: 2004, The Influence of Moral Philosophy on Retail Salespeoples’ Ethical Perceptions. Journal of Consumer Affairs 38, 297–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duckett L., M. Rowan, M. Ryden, K. Krichbaum, M. Miller, H. Wainwright, K. Savik: 1997, Progress in the Moral Reasoning of Baccalaureate Nursing Students Between Program Entry and Exit. Nursing Research 46, 222–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh H. R., J. S. Chafetz, P. F. Pipes: 2006, Where’s the Faith in Faith-based Organizations? Measures and Correlates of Religiosity in Faith-based Social Service Coalitions. Social Forces 84, 2259–2272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias R. Z.: 2002, Determinants of Earnings Management Ethics Among Accountants. Journal of Business Ethics 40, 33–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enright R. D., M. J. D. Santos, R. Al-Mabuk: 1989, The Adolescent as Forgiver. Journal of Adolescence 12, 95–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein E. M.: 2002, Religion and Business – The Critical Role of Religious Traditions in Management Education. Journal of Business Ethics 38, 91–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erffmeyer R. C., B. D. Keillor, D. T. LeClair: 1999, An Empirical Investigation of Japanese Consumer Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 18, 35–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etheredge J. M.: 1999, The Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility: An Alternative Scale Structure. Journal of Business Ethics 18, 51–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans J. M., L. K. Treviño, G. R. Weaver: 2006, Who’s in the Ethics Driver’s Seat? Factors Influencing Ethics in the MBA Curriculum. Academy of Management Learning & Education 5(3): 278–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth D. R.: 1980, A Taxonomy of Ethical Ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 175–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French W.: 2006, Business Ethics Training: Face-to-Face and at a Distance. Journal of Business Ethics 66, 117–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furman F. K.:1990, Teaching Business Ethics: Questioning the Assumptions, Seeking New Directions. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautschi F. H., T. M. Jones: 1998, Enhancing the Ability of Business Students to Recognize Ethical Issue: An Empirical Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Course in Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 17, 205–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone R. A., S. Fricker, J. W. Beard: 1995, The Impact of Ethical Ideology on Modifiers of Ethical Decisions and Suggested Punishment for Ethical Infractions. Journal of Business Ethics 14, 497–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Givner N., K. Hynes: 1983, An Investigation of Change in Medical Students’ Ethical Thinking. Medical Education 17, 3–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn J. R. Jr.: 1992, Can a Business and Society Course Affect the Ethical Judgment of Future Managers? Journal of Business Ethics 11, 217–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glover R. J.: 1997, Relationships in Moral Reasoning and Religion Among Members of Conservative, Moderate, and Liberal Religious Groups. Journal of Social Psychology 137, 247–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Graafland J., M. Kaptein, C. Mazereeuw-van der Duijn Schouten: 2006, Business Dilemmas and Religious Belief: An Explorative Study Among Dutch Executives. Journal of Business Ethics 66, 53–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granitz N., D. Loewy: 2007, Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics 72, 293–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg J.: 1990. Employee Theft as a Reaction to Underpayment Inequity: The Hidden Cost of Pay Cuts. Journal of Applied Psychology 75, 561–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harries K. D.: 1988, Regional Variations in Homicide, Capital Punishment, and Perceived Crime Severity in the United States. Geografiska Annaler 70 B(3), 325–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington S. J.: 1991, What Corporate America is Teaching About Ethics. Academy of Management Executive 5, 21–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Henle C. A.: 2006, Bad Apples or Bad Barrels? A Former CEO Discusses the Interplay of Person and Situation with Implications for Business Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education 5(3), 346–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho F. N., S. J. Vitell, J. H. Barnes, R. Desborde: 1997, Ethical Correlates of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity in Marketing: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Moral Development. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 25, 117–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holm S., G. H. Nielsen, M. Norup, A. Vegner, F. Guldmann, P. H. Andreasen: 1995, Changes in Moral Reasoning and the Teaching of Medical Ethics. Medical Education, 29, 420–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley D. M.: 1972, Why Conservative Churches are Growing. Harper & Row, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly J. A., L. Worell: 1978, Personality Characteristics, Parent Behaviors, and Sex of Subject in Relation to Cheating. Journal of Research in Personality 12, 179–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerkvliet, J. and C. L. Sigmund: 1999, Can We Control Cheating in the Classroom? Journal of Economic Education Fall, 331–343

  • Kingston P. W., R. Hubbard, B. Lapp, P. Schroeder, J. Wilson: 2003, Why Education Matters. Sociology of Education 76, 53–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleiser S. B., E. Sivadas, J. J. Kellaris, R. F. Dahlstrom: 2003, Ethical Ideologies: Efficient Assessment and Influence on Ethical Judgements of Marketing Practices. Psychology and Marketing 20, 1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg L.: 1976, Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral Development and Behavior (pp. 31–53). Rinehart & Winston, New York: Holt

    Google Scholar 

  • Laditka S. B., M. M. Houck: 2006, Student-Developed Case Studies: An Experiential Approach for Teaching Ethics in Management. Journal of Business Ethics 64, 157–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanza-Kaduce L., M. Klug: 1986, Learning to Cheat: The Interaction of Moral-Development and Social Learning Theories. Deviant Behavior 7, 243–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson R.: 2004, Is Classroom Cheating Related to Business Students’ Propensity to Cheat in the “Real World”? Journal of Business Ethics 49, 189–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leming J. S.: 1978, Cheating Behavior, Situational Influence, and Moral Development. Journal of Educational Research 71, 214–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Longenecker J. G., J. A. McKinney, C. W. Moore: 2004, Religious Intensity, Evangelical Christianity, and Business Ethics: An Empirical Study. Journal of Business Ethics 55, 373–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magill G.: 1992, Theology in Business Ethics: Appealing to the Religious Imagination. Journal of Business Ethics 11, 129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski C. I., C. P. Smith: 1985, Moral Reasoning and Moral Conduct: An Investigation Prompted by Kohlberg’s Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, 1016–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe D. L., K. D. Butterfield, L. K. Treviño: 2006, Academic Dishonesty in Graduate Business Programs: Prevalence, Causes, and Proposed Action. Academy of Management Learning & Education 5(3), 294–305

    Google Scholar 

  • McCabe A. C., R. Ingram, M. C. Dato-on: 2006, The Business of Ethics and Gender. Journal of Business Ethics 64, 101–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzel D. C.: 1997, Teaching Ethics and Values in Public Administration: Are We Making a Difference? Public Administration Review 57(3), 224–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narvaez D., I. Getz, J. R. Rest, S. J. Thoma: 1999, Individual Moral Judgment and Cultural Ideologies. Developmental Psychology 35, 478–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary C. O., R. Radich: 2001, An Analysis of Australian Final Year Accountancy Students’ Ethical Attitudes. Teaching Business Ethics 5, 235–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Premeaux S. R.: 2005, Undergraduate Student Perceptions Regarding Cheating: Tier 1 versus Tier 2 AACSB Accredited Business Schools. Journal of Business Ethics 62, 407–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawwas M. Y. A., Z. Swaidan, J. Al-Khatib: 2006, Does Religion Matter? A Comparison Study of the Ethical Beliefs of Marketing Students in Religious and Secular Universities in Japan. Journal of Business Ethics 65, 69–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiman A. J., S. DeAngelis Peace: 2002, Promoting Teachers’ Moral Reasoning and Collaborative Inquiry Performance: A Developmental Role-Taking and Guided Inquiry Study. Journal of Moral Education 31, 51–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rest J. R.: 1979, Development in Judging Moral Issues. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest J. R.: 1986, Moral Development: Advances in Theory and Research. Praeger, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rest J., D. Narvaez, M. J. Bebeau, S. J. Thoma: 1999, Postconventional Moral Thinking: A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter B. A.: 2006, Can Business Ethics be Trained? A Study of the Ethical Decision-Making Process in Business Students. Journal of Business Ethics 68, 153–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth L. M., J. C. Kroll: 2007, Risky Business: Assessing Risk Preference Explanations for Gender Differences in Religiosity. American Sociological Review 72, 205–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruegger D., E. W. King: 1992, A Study of the Effect of Age and Gender Upon Student Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 11, 179–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz M. S.: 2006, God as a Managerial Stakeholder? Journal of Business Ethics 66, 291–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Self D. J., D. C. Baldwin Jr., M. Olivarez: 1993, Teaching Medical Ethics to First-Year Students by Using Film Discussion to Develop Their Moral Reasoning. Academic Medicine 68, 383–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Self D. J., M. Olivarez, D. C. Baldwin Jr.: 1998a, Clarifying the Relationship of Medical Education and Moral Development. Academic Medicine 73, 517–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Self D. J., M. Olivarez, D. C. Baldwin Jr.: 1998b, The Amount of Small-Group Case-Study Discussion Needed to Improve Moral Reasoning Skills of Medical Students. Academic Medicine 73, 521–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sims R. R., E. L. Felton Jr.: 2006, Designing and Delivering Business Ethics Teaching and Learning. Journal of Business Ethics 63, 297–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi A., S. J. Vitell, G. R. Franke: 1999, Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Effects of Perceived Moral Intensity and Personal Moral Philosophies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 27, 19–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi A. S., S. J. Vitell, K. Rallapalli, K. L. Kraft: 1996, The Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility: A New Scale Development. Journal of Business Ethics 15, 1131–1140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks J. R., S. D. Hunt: 1998, Marketing Researcher Ethical Sensitivity: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Exploratory Investigation. Journal of Marketing 62(2), 92–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steenhaut S., P. VanKenhove: 2006, The Mediating Role of Anticipated Guilt in Consumers’ Ethical Decision-Making. Journal of Business Ethics 69, 269–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg R. J.: 1990. Metaphors of Mind: Conceptions of the Nature of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Treviño L. K.: 1986. Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person Situation Interactionist Model. Academy of Management Review 11(3), 601–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treviño L. K., G. R. Weaver, S. J. Reynolds: 2006. Behavioral Ethics in Organizations: A Review. Journal of Management 32(6), 951–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velthouse B., Y. Kandogan: 2007. Ethics in Practice: What are Managers Really Doing? Journal of Business Ethics 70, 151–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verschoor, C. C.: 2003, ‹Is Ethics Education of Future Business Leaders Adequate?’, Strategic Finance August: 20–23

  • Vitell S. J., E. R. Hidalgo: 2006, The Impact of Corporate Ethical Values and Enforcement of Ethical Codes on the Perceived Importance of Ethics in Business: A Comparison of U.S. and Spanish Managers. Journal of Business Ethics 64, 31–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell S. J., J. G. P. Paolillo: 2003, Consumer Ethics: The Role of Religiosity. Journal of Business Ethics 46, 151–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell S. J., J. G. P. Paolillo, J. J. Singh: 2006, The Role of Money and Religiosity in Determining Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs. Journal of Business Ethics 64, 117–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver G. R., B. R. Agle: 2002, Religiosity and Ethical Behavior in Organizations: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective. Academy of Management Review 27(1), 77–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber J. A.: 2007, Business Ethics Training: Insights from Learning Theory. Journal of Business Ethics 70, 61–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber J., S. M. Glyptis: 2000, Measuring the Impact of a Business Ethics Course and Community Service on Students’ Values and Opinions. Teaching Business Ethics 4:341–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler D.: 1958, The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • West T., S. P. Ravenscroft, C. B. Shrader: 2004, Cheating and Moral Judgment in the College Classroom: A Natural Experiment. Journal of Business Ethics 54, 173–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams S. D., T. Dewett: 2005, Yes, You Can Teach Business Ethics: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 12(2):109–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worden S.: 2005, Religion in Strategic Leadership: A Positivistic, Normative/Theological, and Strategic Analysis. Journal of Business Ethics 57, 221–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James M. Bloodgood.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bloodgood, J.M., Turnley, W.H. & Mudrack, P. The Influence of Ethics Instruction, Religiosity, and Intelligence on Cheating Behavior. J Bus Ethics 82, 557–571 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9576-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9576-0

Keywords

Navigation