Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Prospective study of electrical impedance scanning for identifying young women at risk for breast cancer

  • Clinical trial
  • Published:
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Background

One way to improve the cost-benefit ratio for breast cancer screening in younger women is to identify those at high-risk of breast cancer and manage them in an optimal manner. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Electrical Impedance Scanning (EIS) for identifying young women who are at risk for having breast cancer and should be followed with directed imaging technologies.

Methods

A prospective, observational, two-arm, multi-site clinical trial was performed on women aged 30–45 years. The ‘Sensitivity Arm’ included Clinical Breast Examinations (CBE) and EIS (T-Scan™ 2000ED) on 189 women prior to scheduled breast biopsy. The ‘Specificity Arm’ included 1361 asymptomatic women visiting clinics for routine annual well-woman examination. Sensitivity and specificity were determined. Relative probability for a woman with a positive EIS examination was computed and compared with other approaches commonly used to define ‘high-risk’ in this population.

Results

Fifty of 189 women in the Sensitivity arm had verified cancers, 19 of whom had positive EIS examination resulting in sensitivity of 38% (19/50). Of the 1361 women in the Specificity arm, 67 had positive EIS examination resulting in a specificity of 95% (1294/1361). The relative probability of a woman with a positive EIS examination was 7.68, which compares favorably with other established risk identifiers (e.g. two first-degree relatives with breast cancer or atypical ductal hyperplasia).

Conclusion

EIS may have an important role as a screening tool for identifying young women that should be followed more closely with advanced imaging technologies for early detection of breast cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Committee on New Approaches to Early Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer, Saving Women’s Lives (2004) Strategies for Improving Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis In: Joy JE, Penhoet EE, Petitti DB, (eds). Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies National Academy Press Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  2. Shannon C, Smith IE, Breast cancer in adolescents and young womenEur J Cancer 2003; 39(18):2632–2642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sundquist M, Thorstenson S, Brudin L, Wingren S, Nordenskjold B, Incidence and prognosis in early onset breast cancer Breast 2002; 11(1):30–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2004. [monograph online] 2004: Available from URL: http:// www.cancer.org/statistics/index.html? Language=English [Accessed on August 31, 2004]

  5. Smith RA, Saslow D, Sawyer KA, et al.American Cancer Society guidelines for breast cancer screening: update 2003CA Cancer J Clin 2003; 53(3):141–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kuhl CK, High-risk screening: multi-modality surveillance of women at high risk for breast cancer (proven or suspected carriers of a breast cancer susceptibility gene)J Exp Clin Cancer Res2002; 21(3 Suppl):S103–S106

    Google Scholar 

  7. Carney PA, Miglioretti DL, Yankaskas BC, et al. Individual and combined effects of age, breast density, and hormone replacement therapy use on the accuracy of screening mammographyAnn Intern Med2003; 138(3):168–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Leconte I, Feger C, Galant C, et al.Mammography and subsequent whole-breast sonography of nonpalpable breast cancers: the importance of radiologic breast density AJR Am J Roentgenol2003; 180(6):1675–1679

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kroenke CH, Rosner B, Chen WY, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Holmes MD, Functional impact of breast cancer by age at diagnosisJ Clin Oncol2004; 22(10):1849–1856

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Warner E, Plewes DB, Shumak RS, et al. Comparison of breast magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, and ultrasound for surveillance of women at high risk for hereditary breast cancerJ Clin Oncol2001; 19(15):3524–3531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kriege M, Brekelmans CT, Boetes C, et al. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition N Engl J Med2004; 351(5):427–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fricke H, Morse S, The electric capacity of tumors of the breast J Cancer Res16:310–376. 1926

    Google Scholar 

  13. Singh B, Smith CW, Hughes R, In vivo dielectric spectrometerMed Biol Eng Comput1979; 17:45–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Surowiec AJ, Stuchly SS, Barr JR, Swarup A, Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1988; 35(4):257–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Piperno G, Frei EH, Moshitzky M, Breast cancer screening by impedance measurements Front Med Biol Eng1990; 2(2):111–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Morimoto T, Kinouchi Y, Iritani T, Kimura S, et al. Measurement of the electrical bio-impedance of breast tumorsEur Surg Res1990; 22:86–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jossinet J, Variability of impedivity in normal and pathological breast tissue Med Biol Eng Comput1996; 34:346–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Joissinet J, The impedivity of freshly excised human breast tissuePhysiol Meas 1998; 19:61–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Cuzick J, Holland R, Barth V, Davies R, Faupel M, Fentiman I, Frischbier HJ, LaMarque JL, Merson M, Sacchini V, Vanel D, Veronesi U, Electropotential measurements as a new diagnostic modality for breast cancerLancet1998 352(9125):359–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chauveau N, Hamzaoui L, Rochaix P, Rigaud B, Voigt JJ, Morucci JP, Ex vivo discrimination between normal and pathological tissues in human breast surgical biopsies using bioimpedance spectroscopyAnn NY Acad Sci1999; 873:42–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Melloul M, Paz A, Ohana G, Double-phase 99 m Tc-sestamibi scintimammography and Trans-scan in diagnosing breast cancerJ Nucl Med1999; 40(3):376–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Scholz B, Anderson R, On electrical impedance scanning – principles and simulationsElectromedica2000; 68:35–44

    Google Scholar 

  23. Perlet C, Kessler M, Lenington S, Sittek H, Reiser M, Electrical impedance measurements of the breast: effect of hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle Eur Radiol2000; 10:1550–1554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Malich A, Fritsch T, Anderson R, et al.Electrical impedance scanning for classifying suspicious breast lesions: first results Eur Radiol2000; 10(10):1555–1561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Malich A, Boehm T, Facius M, Differentiation of mammographically suspicious lesions: evaluation of breast ultrasound, MRI mammography and electrical impedance scanning as adjunctive technologies in breast cancer detection Clin Radiol2001; 56:278–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Malich A, Fritsch T, Mauch C, Boehm T, Freesmeyer M, Fleck M, Anderson R, Kaiser WA, Electrical impedance scanning: a new technique in the diagnosis of lymph nodes in which malignancy is suspected on ultrasoundBr J Radiol2001; 74(877):42–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Glickman YA, Filo O, Nachaliel U, Lenington S, Amin-Spector S, Ginor R, Novel EIS postprocessing algorithm for breast cancer diagnosisIEEE Trans Med Imaging2002; 21:710–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Malich A, Boehm T, Facius M, Mentzel HJ, Fleck M, Boettcher J, Anderson R, Kaiser WA, Use of electrical impedance scanning in the differentiation of sonographically suspicious and highly suspicious lymph nodes of the head-neck region Eur Radiol2002;12(5):1114–1120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kerner TE, Paulsen KD, Hartov A, Soho SK, Poplack SP, Electrical impedance spectroscopy of the breast: clinical imaging results in 26 subjects IEEE Trans Med Imag2002; 21:638–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Martin G, Martin R, Brieva MJ, Santamaria L, Electrical impedance scanning in breast cancer imaging: correlation with mammographic and histologic diagnosis Eur Radiol2002; 12:1471–1478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Facius M, Malich A, Schneider G, Boehm T, Anderson R, Kaiser WA, Electrical impedance scanning used in addition to ultrasound for the verification of submandibular and parotid lesions: initial resultsInvest Radiol2002 37(8):421–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mentzel HJ, Malich A, Kentouche K, Freesmeyer M, Bottcher J, Schneider G, Gruhn B, Vogt S, Zintl F, Anderson R, Kaiser WA, Electrical impedance scanning-application of this new technique for lymph node evaluation in children Pediatr Radiol2003; 33(7):461–466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Zou Y, Guo Z, A review of electrical impedance techniques for breast cancer detectionMed Eng Physics2003; 25:79–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Glickman YA, Filo O, David M, Yayon A, Topaz M, Zamir B, Ginzburg A, Rozenman D, Kenan G, Electrical impedance scanning: a new approach to skin cancer diagnosis Skin Res Technol2003 9(3):262–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Aberg P, Nicander I, Hansson J, Geladi P, Holmgren U, Ollmar S, Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance – a potential screening tool IEEE Trans Biomed Eng2004 51(12):2097–2102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Stojadinovic A, Fields SI, Shriver CD, Lenington S, Ginor R, Peoples GE, Burch HB, Peretz T, Freund HR, Nissan A, Electrical impedance scanning of thyroid nodules prior to thyroid surgery: a prospective studyAnn Surg Oncol2005; 12(2):152–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fuchsjaeger MH, Flory D, Reiner CS, Rudas M, Riedl CC, Helbich TH, The negative predictive value of electrical impedance scanning in BI-RADS category IV breast lesions Invest Radiol 2005; 40(7):478–485

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Diebold T, Jacobi V, Scholz B, Hensel C, Solbach C, Kaufmann M, Viana F, Balzer J, Peters J, Vogl T, Value of electrical impedance scanning (EIS) in the evaluation of BI-RADS III/IV/V-lesionsTechnol Cancer Res Treat2005; 4(1):93–97

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Har-Shai Y, Glickman YA, Siller G, McLeod R, Topaz M, Howe C, Ginzburg A, Zamir B, Filo O, Kenan G, Ullmann Y, Electrical impedance scanning for melanoma diagnosis: a validation studyPlast Reconstr Surg2005; 116(3):782–790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Stojadinovic A, Nissan A, Gallimidi Z, et al.Electrical impedance scanning for the early detection of breast cancer in young women: preliminary results of a multi-center prospective clinical trialJ Clin Oncol2005; 23(12):2703–2715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). TransScan T-Scan 2000 – P970033. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness. [monograph online] April 16, 1999; Available from URL: http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf/p970033.html [Accessed on September 1, 2004]

  42. Davies RJ, Quinn DA, Davisson TH, Impedance spectroscopy characterizes the electrical signature of benign and malignant breast epitheliumBreast Cancer Res Treat2004; 88:S221

    Google Scholar 

  43. Davies RJ, Quinn DA, Davisson TH, Alterations in ionic transport and conductance during malignancy in breast epitheliumBreast Cancer Res Treat2004; 88:S222

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wersebe A, Siegmann K, Krainick U, et al.Diagnostic potential of targeted electrical impedance scanning in classifying suspicious breast lesionsInvest Radiol 2002;37(2):65–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, (2001) Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease Lancet358:1389–1399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Krieger N, Hiatt RA, Risk of breast cancer after benign breast diseaseAm J Epidemiol1992; 136:619–631

    Google Scholar 

  47. London SJ, Connolly JL, Schnitt SJ, Colditz GA, A prospective study of benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancerJAMA1992; 267:941–944

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bodian CA, Perzin KH, Lattes R, Hoffman P, Abernathy TG, Prognostic significance of benign breast diseaseCancer1993; 71:3798–3807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Piperno G, Lenington S, Breast electrical impedance and estrogen use in postmenopausal womenMaturitas2002; 41:17–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. MacKarem G, The effectiveness of the Gail model in estimating risk for development of breast cancer in women under 40 years of ageBreast J2001; 7(1):34–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Obdeijn IM, Bartels KC, de Koning HJ, Oudkerk M, First experiences in screening women at high risk for breast cancer with MR imaging Breast Cancer Res Treat2000; 63(1):53–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kuhl CK, Schmutzler RK, Leutner CC, et al.Breast MR imaging screening in 192 women proved or suspected to be carriers of a breast cancer susceptibility gene: preliminary resultsRadiology2000; 215:267–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Stoutjesdijk MJ, Boetes C, Jager GJ, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging and mammography in women with a hereditary risk of breast cancerJ Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93(14):1095–1102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hou MF, Chuang HY, Ou-Yang F, et al.Comparison of breast mammography, sonography and physical examination for screening women at high risk of breast cancer in TaiwanUltrasound Med Biol2002:28(4):415–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jossinet J, Schmitt M, A review of parameters for the bioelectrical characterization of breast tissueAnn NY Acad Sci1999; 873:30–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

    Alexander Stojadinovic, Mary Maniscalco-Theberge & Craig D. Shriver

  2. Machon Or, Bnei Zion Hospital, Haifa, Israel

    Orah Moskovitz

  3. Rambam Hospital, Haifa, Israel

    Zahava Gallimidi

  4. Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

    Scott Fields

  5. Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Ari D. Brooks

  6. George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

    Rachel Brem

  7. East Hills Ob/Gyn Clinic, Johnstown, PA, USA

    Robert N. Mucciola

  8. Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Mukul Singh

  9. University of Pittsburgh and Magee-Women’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Howard E. Rockette & David Gur

  10. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue, Suite 5C27B, Washington, DC, NW, 20307, USA

    Alexander Stojadinovic

Authors
  1. Alexander Stojadinovic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Orah Moskovitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zahava Gallimidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Scott Fields
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ari D. Brooks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rachel Brem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Robert N. Mucciola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mukul Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Mary Maniscalco-Theberge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Howard E. Rockette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. David Gur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Craig D. Shriver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexander Stojadinovic.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stojadinovic, A., Moskovitz, O., Gallimidi, Z. et al. Prospective study of electrical impedance scanning for identifying young women at risk for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 97, 179–189 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-005-9109-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-005-9109-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation