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Balancing watershed nitrogen budgets: accounting for biogenic gases in streams

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Abstract

Denitrification is critical for removal of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from ecosystems. However, measuring realistic, scalable rates and understanding the role of denitrification and other dissimilatory processes in watershed nitrogen (N) budgets remains a significant challenge in biogeochemistry. In this study, we focused on the stream reach and network scale in three Mid-Atlantic coastal plain watersheds. We applied open channel methods to measure biogenic N2 and N2O gas fluxes derived from both in-stream and terrestrial nitrogen processing. A large portion of biogenic N2 flux through streams (33–100 %, mean = 74 %) was a result of groundwater delivery of biogenic N2 with the remaining portion due to in-stream N2 production. In contrast, N2O was largely produced in-stream, with groundwater delivery contributing on average 12 % of the total biogenic N2O flux. We scaled these measurements across one stream network and compared them to hydrologic Nr export and net anthropogenic N inputs (NANI) to a 4.8 km2 watershed. The N budget revealed that, during the study period, the biogenic N2 flux through streams was comparable to the difference between NANI and hydrologic Nr export (i.e. the “missing” N). This study provides a methodological and conceptual framework for incorporating terrestrial and in-stream derived biogenic N gas fluxes into watershed N budgets and supports the hypothesis that denitrification is the primary fate of NANI that is not exported in streamflow.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the members of the Fisher lab group (Anne Gustafson, Rebecca Fox, Dana Bunnell-Young, Keota Silaphone, and Lindsay Tempison) and Todd Kana at the Horn Point Laboratory for their support. The following people from the Jordan lab group at Smithsonian Environmental Research Center provided field and lab assistance: Joe Miklas, Jake Wilhelm, and Carey Pelc. We thank Keith Eshleman for comments that led to the improvement of the manuscript. Funding sources include NSF (DEB# 0919181, DEB#0919141, DEB #1252923), Maryland Water Resources Research Center, Izaak Walton League-Midshore Chapter, and a Horn Point Laboratory Graduate Student Fellowship.

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  1. John R. Gardner

    Present address: Duke University-Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, USA

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  1. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science-Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, USA

    John R. Gardner & Thomas R. Fisher

  2. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA

    Thomas E. Jordan

  3. American University-Department of Environmental Science, Washington, DC, USA

    Karen L. Knee

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Gardner, J.R., Fisher, T.R., Jordan, T.E. et al. Balancing watershed nitrogen budgets: accounting for biogenic gases in streams. Biogeochemistry 127, 231–253 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0177-1

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