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Genetic analysis of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) populations in Asia and North America

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Abstract

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive pest of North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees first discovered outside of its native range of northeastern Asia in 2002. EAB spread from its initial zone of discovery in the Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario metropolitan areas, in large part, from inadvertent human-assisted movement of infested ash materials. EAB infestations are now known in 15 US states and two Canadian provinces. The primary goal of this study was to use molecular markers to characterize the population genetic structure of EAB in its native and introduced range. This information may provide valuable insights on the geographic origin, potential host range, invasion potential, and additional biological control agents for ongoing management efforts of this destructive wood-boring beetle. EAB were collected from 17 localities in its native Asian range and from 7 localities in North America, and population structure analyzed using mtDNA gene sequences, AFLP fingerprints, and alleles at 2 microsatellite loci. Analysis of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI; 439 bp) sequences revealed all North American individuals carry a common mtDNA haplotype also found in China and South Korea. Additional mtDNA haplotypes observed in China and South Korea differed from the common haplotype by 1–2 nucleotide substitutions and a single individual from Japan differed by 21 nucleotide changes (4.8%). Analysis using AFLP fingerprints (108 loci) indicated Asian populations were more highly variable, yet had less overall population structure, than the North American populations. North American populations appear most closely related to populations in our sample from the Chinese provinces of Hebei and Tianjin City. Further, population assignment tests assigned 88% of the individual beetles from North America to either Hebei or Tianjin City.

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks to the network of collaborators who helped us obtain the insects used in this study, including countless members in North America from USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Michigan State University, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan Departments of Agriculture, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. We would like to specifically thank collaborators in Asia and the US who made sampling possible, in China: Dr. Houping Liu (Michigan State University, Dr. Tonghai Zhao and Dr. Ruitong Gao (Chinese Academy of Forestry), and Mr. Roger Fuester (USDA ARS BIIR); in South Korea: Dr. David Williams (USDA APHIS CPHST), Dr. Choo Ho Yul (Gyeongsang National University) and Dr. Lee DongWoon (Kyungpook National University); in Japan—Dr. Paul Schaefer (USDA-ARS-BIIR), Dr. Naoto Kamata (University of Tokyo), Mr. Minemitsu Kaneko (Japan Wildlife Research Center), and Mr. Takaharu Hattori. We also thank Deborah Miller (USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, E. Lansing, MI) for organizing and managing the long-term storage of EAB collections from China and North America; Dr. Jennifer Cory (Simon Fraser University) for designing and developing the microsatellite primers used in the study, Dr. Deb McCullough (Michigan State University) for supporting the early microsatellite development work, Dr. Rob Ahern for his help with AFLP data analysis and interpretation, Mike Grillo for his work during the earliest phases of the EAB project, Dr. Rodrigo Mercador and Dr. Yigen Chen for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript, and Marlene Cameron for assistance with the preparation of Figure 1. Research funding for the project was provided by the USDA Forest Service (03-JV-11231300096), Michigan State University (MSU) Project GREEEN (Generating Research and Extension to meet Economic and Environmental Needs), the MSU Office for International Studies and Programs, the MSU Department of Entomology, and the MSU Graduate School.

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  1. James J. Smith

    Present address: Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, 48825, USA

  2. Alicia M. Bray

    Present address: School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, Tennessee State University, 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN, 37110, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 201 CIPS, E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Alicia M. Bray, Anthony I. Cognato & James J. Smith

  2. USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 1407 S. Harrison Rd., E. Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Leah S. Bauer, Therese M. Poland & Robert A. Haack

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  1. Alicia M. Bray
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Correspondence to James J. Smith.

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Bray, A.M., Bauer, L.S., Poland, T.M. et al. Genetic analysis of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) populations in Asia and North America. Biol Invasions 13, 2869–2887 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-9970-5

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