Abstract
A Prevention Service Development Model (PSDM) is presented as an approach to develop prevention programs that are both effective and that are readily adopted for implementation in community settings. The model is an integration of concepts and methods from two fields, prevention research and marketing research as applied to new service development. Questions that are posed at each stage of the PSDM are described. Studies from the development of two preventive interventions are presented to illustrate research at several of the stages of the model.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berry, L. L., & Bendapudi, B. N. (2003). Clueing in customers. Harvard Business Review, 8, 100–106.
Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, P. A. (1993). Building a new academic field—the case of services marketing. Journal of Retailing, 69, 13–60.
Biglan, T., Mrazek, P. J., Carnine, D., & Flay, B. R. (2003). The integration of research and practice in the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58, 433–441.
Biglan, A., & Taylor, T. K. (2000). Why have we been more successful in reducing tobacco use than violent crime? American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 269–302.
Blaisure, K. R., & Geasler, M. J. (1996). Results of a survey of court-connected parent education programs in U.S. counties. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34, 23–40.
Braver, S. L., Nelson, K., Ellman, I., & Sandler, I. N. (2004). Strengths-building public policy for children of divorce. In K. Maton, B. Leadbetter, C. Schellenbach, & A. Solarz (Eds.), Strengths based public policies (pp. 53–73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Braver, S. L., Salem, P., Pearson, J., & DeLuse, S. R. (1996). The content of divorce education programs: Results of a survey. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 34, 41–59.
Bullinger, H.-J., Fahnrich, K.-P., & Meiren, T. (2003). Service engineering—methodical development of service products. International Journal of Production Economics, 85, 275–287.
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. (2002). Finding the balance: Program fidelity and adaptation in substance abuse prevention: A state-of-the-art review [DHSS SAMHSA Publication Conference Edition]. Retrieved September 18, 2002, from http://modelprograms.samhsa.gov/pdfs/FindingBalance1.pdf.
Churchill, G. A., Jr., & Brown, T. J. (2004). Basic marketing research (5th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
Clayton, R. R., Cattarello, A. M., & Johnstone, B. M. (1996). The effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (Project DARE); 5-year follow-up results. Preventive Medicine, 25, 307–318.
Congram, C., & Epelman, M. (1995). How to describe your service: An invitation to the structured analysis and design technique. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 6, 6–23.
Cookston, J. T., Braver, S. L., Sandler, I. N., & Genalo, M. T. (2002). Prospects for expanded court-based services for children of divorce. Family Court Review, 40, 190–203.
Cooper, R. G., & Edgett, S. J. (1999), Product development for the service sector: Lessons from market leaders. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
Curtis, C. C., & Ellis, L. W. (1998). Satisfy customers while speeding R & D and staying profitable. Research Technology Management, 41, 23–27.
Dawson-McClure, S. R., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Millsap, R. E. (2004). Prediction and reduction of risk for children of divorce: A six-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 175–190.
Durlak, J. A. (1997). Successful prevention programs for children and adolescents. New York: Plenum.
Edvardsson, B., Gustafsson, A., Johnson, M. D., & Sanden, B. (2002). New service development and innovation in the new economy. Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur.
Fisk, R. P., Brown, S. W., & Bitner, M. J. (1993). Tracking the evolution of the services marketing literature. Journal of Retailing, 69, 61–103.
Fitzsimmons, J. A., & Fitzsimmons, M. J. (2004). Service management: Operations, strategy, and information technology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Flay, B. R. (1986). Efficacy and effectiveness trials (and other phases of research) in the development of health promotion programs. Preventive Medicine, 15, 451–474.
Foster, E. M., Porter, M., Ayers, T., Kaplan, D., & Sandler, I. (2004, May). The cost effectiveness of a preventive intervention: The Family Bereavement Program. Paper presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Quebec City, Canada.
Goodman, R. M., & Steckler, A. (1989). A model for the institutionalization of health promotion programs. Family and Community Health, 11, 63–78.
Gordon, R. A., & Stanar, C. R. (2003). Lessons learned from parenting wisely, a parent training CD-ROM. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 312–323.
Gottfredson, G. D., & Gottfredson, D. C. (2001). What schools do to prevent problem behavior and promote safe environments. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12, 313–344.
Gottfredson, D. C., & Gottfredson, G. D. (2002). Quality of school based prevention programs: Results from a national survey. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 39, 3–35.
Green, L. W. (2001). From research to “best practices” in other settings and populations. American Journal of Public Health, 25, 165–178.
Green, L. W., & Mercer, S. I. (2001). Community-based participatory research: Can public health researchers and agencies reconcile the push from funding bodies and the pull for communities? American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1926–1929.
Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., & Bumbarger, B. (1999). Prevention of mental disorders in school-age children: A review of the effectiveness of prevention programs. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, College of Health and Human Development, Prevention Research Center for the Promotion of Human Development.
Greenwald, P., & Cullen, J. W. (1984). The scientific approach to cancer control. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 34, 328–332.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Associates (1992). Communities that care: Action for drug abuse prevention (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Henard, D. H., & Szymanski, D. M. (2001). Why some new products are more successful than others. Journal of Marketing Research, 38, 362–375.
Hetherington, E. M., & Kelly, J. (2002). For better or for worse. New York: Norton.
Holt, D. B. (2002). Brands and Branding [Harvard Business School Note 9-503-045]. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
Iansiti, M., & MacCormack, A. (1997). Developing products on internet time. Harvard Business Review, 75, 108–118.
Jensen, P., Hoagwood, K., & Trickett, E. J. (1999). Ivory towers or earthen trenches? Community collaborations to foster real-world research. Applied Developmental Science, 3, 206–212.
Kegeles, S. M., Rebchook, G. M., Hays, R. B., Terry, M. A., O’Donnell, L., Leonard, N. R., et al. (2000). From science to application: The development of an intervention package. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12, 62–74.
Keller, K. L. (2003). Brand synthesis: The multidimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 595–600.
Khurana, A., & Rosenthal, S. R. (1997). Integrating the fuzzy front end of new product development. Sloan Management Review, 38, 103–120.
Kotler, P. (2001). A Framework for marketing management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kumpfer, K. L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58, 457–465.
Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., Zimmerman, R., Novak, S. P., Logan, T. K., Martin, C., et al. (1999). Project DARE: No effects at 10 year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 590–593.
MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17, 144–158.
Mayer, J. P., Blakely, C. H., & Davidson, W. S. (1986). Social program innovation and dissemination: A study of organizational process. Policy Studies Review, 6, 273–286.
Mayer, J. P., & Davidson, W. S., II (2000). Dissemination of innovation as social change. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Morissey, E., Wandersman, A., Seybolt, D., Nation, M., Crusto, C., & Davino, K. (1997). Toward a framework for bridging the gap between science and practice in prevention: A focus on evaluator and practitioner perspectives. Evaluation and Program Planning, 20, 367–377.
Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for prevention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Nelson, G., Pancer, S. M., Hayward, K., & Kelly, R. (2004). Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 213–227.
Olds, D. L., Hill, P. L., O’Brien, R., Racine, D., & Moritz, P. (2003). Taking preventive intervention to scale: The Nurse–Family Partnership. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 278–290.
Pedro-Carroll, J. L., & Cowen, E. L. (1985). The Children of Divorce Intervention Project: An investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 603–611.
Price, R. (1983). The education of a prevention psychologist. In Felner, R. D., Jason, L., Moritsugu, J., & Farber, S. S. (Eds.), Preventive psychology: Theory, research, and practice in community intervention (pp. 290–296). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
Price, R. H., & Smith, S. S. (1985). A guide to evaluating prevention programs in mental health. [DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 85–1365, pp. 57–115]. Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press.
Roosa, M. W., Wolchik, S. A., & Sandler, I. N. (1997). Preventing the negative effects of common stressors: Current status and future directions. In S. A. Wolchik & I. N. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of children’s coping with common life stressors (pp. 515–535). New York: Plenum.
Rotheram, M. J. (2004, May). What role for business in disseminating prevention science. In M. J. Rotheram (Chair), What role for business in disseminating prevention science. Symposium conducted at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
Rotheram-Borus, M. J., & Duan, N. (2003). Next generation of preventive interventions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 518–530.
Salem, P. (1996). Parent education as a distinct field of practice: The agenda for the future. Family and Conciliation Court Review, 34, 9–22.
Sandler, I., Gersten, J. C., & Beals, J. (1987). Sources of help for children in stressed families. Paper presented at the 64th Annual Convention of the American Orthopsychiatry Association, Washington, DC.
Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M., & Markie Dadds, C. (2002). The development and dissemination of the Triple P—Positive Parenting Program: A multilevel, evidence-based system of parenting and family support. Prevention Science, 3, 173–189.
Sandler, I., Millsap, R., Zhou, Q., & Wolchik, S. A. (2004). Mediation of the six-year effects of the New Beginnings Program for children of divorce. Paper presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Davis, C. H., Haine, R. A., & Ayers, T. S. (2003). Correlational and experimental study of resilience for children of divorce and parentally-bereaved children. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 213–243). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Schoenwald, S. K., & Hoagwood, K. (2001). Effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of interventions: What matters when? Psychiatric Services, 52, 1190–1197.
Stolberg, A. L., & Garrison, K. M. (1985). Evaluating a primary prevention program for children of divorce. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 111–124.
Sue, D. W., & Arredondo, P. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 20, 64–80.
Tax, S. S. & Stuart, I. (1997). Designing and implementing new services: The challenges of integrating service systems. Journal of Retailing, 73, 105–134.
Thomke, S. (2003). R&D comes to services: Bank of America’s pathbreaking experiment. Harvard Business Review, 81, 70–79.
Wandersman, A. (2003). Community science: Bridging the gap between science and practice with community-centered models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 227–242.
Wandersman, A., Imm, P., Chinman, M., & Kaftarian, S. (2000). Getting to outcomes; A results-based approach to accountability. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23, 389–395.
West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (1997). Toward understanding individual effects in multicomponent prevention programs: Design and analysis strategies. In W. J. Bryant, M. Windler, & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol, and substance abuse research (pp. 167–211). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wind, J., Green, P. E., Shifflet, D., & Scarbrough, M. (1989). Courtyard by Marriott: Designing a hotel facility with consumer-based marketing models. Interfaces, 19, 25–47.
Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., Millsap, R. E., Plummer, B. A., Greene, S. M., Anderson, E. R., et al. (2002). Six-year follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial of preventive interventions for children of divorce. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1–8.
Wood, M. B. (2003). The marketing plan handbook. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zeithaml, V. A., & Bitner, M. J. (2003). Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sandler, I., Ostrom, A., Bitner, M.J. et al. Developing Effective Prevention Services for the Real World: A Prevention Service Development Model. Am J Community Psychol 35, 127–142 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-3389-z
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-005-3389-z