Skip to main content
Log in

Effectiveness and Relevance of Training for International Counseling Graduates: A Qualitative Inquiry

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study was a qualitative study that sought to examine the experiences and perceptions of international counseling graduates (ICGs) who had returned to their home country to work, focusing on the effectiveness and relevance of the training they had received in the United States. Participants were also asked to outline the roles they played in the development of professional counseling in their own country. Eight themes emerged from in-depth interviews involving nine participants: (a) Pioneering and Leadership, (b) American-centric Training, (c) Sojourner and Returnee Adjustment Distress, (d) Personal Investment from Trainers, (e) Student-Centered Training, (f) Time and Financial Constraints, (g) Independent Learning, and (h) Research. The data indicated that participants’ perceptions of the effectiveness and relevance of their training were mixed. Implications for training international counseling students are considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ægisdóttir, S., & Gerstein, L. (2010). International counseling competencies. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (3rd ed., pp. 175–188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association (APA). (2009). Guidelines and principles for accreditation of programs in professional psychology. Retrieved from APA website: http://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/about/policies/guiding-principles.pdf

  • Arthur, N. (2003). Preparing international students for the re-entry transition. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 37, 173–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brabant, S. C., Palmer, E., & Gramling, R. (1990). Returning home: An empirical investigation of cross-cultural re-entry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 387–404. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(90)90027-T.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. (2010). Developing generic skills and attributes of international students: the (ire)relevance of the Australian university experience. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32, 487–497. doi:10.1080/1360080X.2010.511121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chellaraj, G., Maskus, K. E., & Mattoo, A. (2008). The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation. Review of International Economics, 16, 444–462. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2007.00714.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. P. (1999). Common stressors among international college students: Research and counseling implications. Journal of College Counseling, 2, 49–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chur-Hansen, A. (2004). Returning home to work: Malaysian students who studied medicine overseas. Medical Teacher, 26, 343–348. doi:10.1080/01421590410001679019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). (2009). CACREP policy document. Retrieved from CACREP website: http://67.199.126.156/doc/FINAL%20POLICY%20DOCUMENT%203.18.09.pdf

  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuthbert, D., Smith, W., & Boey, J. (2008). What do we really know about the outcomes of Australian international education? A critical review and prospectus for future research. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12, 255–275. doi:10.1177/1028315307308134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, N. T., Fouad, N. A., & Williams-Nickelson, C. (Eds.). (2008). Studying psychology in the United States: Expert guidance for international students. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, H., Gilbride, D. D., & Stensrud, R. (2009). Students’ internal reactions to a one-week cultural immersion trip: A qualitative analysis of student journals. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 37(1), 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killian, K. D. (2001). Differences making a difference: Cross-cultural interactions in supervisory relationships. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 12(2–3), 61–103. doi:10.1300/J086v12n02_03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kracen, A. C., Zeinoun, P., Wu, J. J., & Stevens, M. J. (2008). Home sweet home: Issues for international students to consider when returning home. In N. T. Hasan, N. A. Fouad, & C. Williams-Nickelson (Eds.), Studying psychology in the United States: Expert guidance for international students (pp. 151–159). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, S. A. (2003). A journey worth traveling; Globalization of counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(4), 412–419. doi:10.1177/0011000003031004004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, S.-M. L., Clawson, T., Norsworthy, K. L., Tena, A., Szilagy, A., & Rogers, J. (2009). Internationalization of the counseling profession. In L. H. Gerstein, P. P. Heppner, S. AEgisdottir, S.-M. L. Leung, & K. L. Norsworthy (Eds.), International handbook of cross-cultural counseling: Cultural assumptions and practices worldwide (pp. 111–123). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lough, B. J. (2009). Curricular blueprinting: The relevance of American social work education for international students. Social Work Education, 28(7), 792–802. doi:10.1080/02615470802478212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsella, A. J., & Pedersen, P. (2004). Internationalizing the counseling psychology curriculum: Toward new values, competencies, and directions. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 17, 413–423. doi:10.1080/09515070412331331246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal, M., & Wieling, E. (2006). Training experiences of international doctoral students in marriage and family therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 32(3), 369–383. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01613.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam, F. (1996). Training for developing-world psychologists: Can it be better than the psychology? In S. C. Carr, J. F. Schumaker, S. C. Carr, & J. F. Schumaker (Eds.), Psychology and the developing world (pp. 49–59). Westport, CT US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, Y., Inman, A. G., & Caskie, G. I. L. (2009). Supervising international students: Relationship between acculturation, supervisor multicultural competence, cultural discussions, and supervision satisfaction. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 3, 10–18. doi:10.1037/a0013072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, K.-M. (2006a). International students in CACREP-accredited counseling programs. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory, and Research, 34, 20–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, K.-M. (2006b). Counselor educators’ perceptions of and experiences with international students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 28(1), 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10447-005-8492-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, J. E., & Anderson, M. Z. (2004). Supervising international students: The role of acculturation, role ambiguity, and multicultural discussions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(3), 306–312. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.3.306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norsworthy, K. L., Heppner, P. P., Ægisdóttir, S., Gerstein, L. H., & Pedersen, P. B. (2009). Exportation of U.S.-based models of counseling and counseling psychology: A critical analysis. In L. H. Gerstein, P. P. Heppner, S. Ægisdóttir, S.-M. A. Leung, & K. L. Norsworthy (Eds.), International handbook of cross-cultural counseling: Cultural assumptions and practices worldwide (pp. 69–81). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pattison, S. (2003). Cultural diversity: Mapping the experiences of students on an international counselor training programme. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 3, 107–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D. M., Briggs, P., Dreasher, L., Horner, D. D., & Nelson, T. (1999). Contributions of international students and programs to campus diversity. New Directions for Student Services, 86, 66–77. doi:10.1002/ss.8609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Praslova, L. (2010). Adaptation of Kirkpatrick’s four level model of training criteria to assessment of learning outcomes and program evaluation in higher education. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 22, 215–225. doi:10.1007/s11092-010-9098-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. D., & Ng, K.-M. (2009). International counseling trainees’ experiences and perceptions of their multicultural counseling training in the United States: A mixed method inquiry. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 31, 271–285. doi:10.1007/s10447-009-9083-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soon, J.-J. (2010). A change of heart? A bivariate probit model of international students’ change of return intention. International Journal of Business and Economics, 9, 115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. L., & Christofi, V. (2006). Can you go home again? A phenomenological investigation of Cypriot students returning home after studying abroad. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 28, 21–39. doi:10.1007/s10447-005-8493-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verbik, L., & Lasanowski, V. (2007). International student mobility: Patterns and trends. London, United Kingdom: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This project was supported in part by a research grant from the Association of Counselor Education and Supervision.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jared Lau.

Additional information

This research was supported in part by a grant from the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES). Results in this study had been presented at the 2010 American Counseling Association Annual Convention, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.

Appendix

Appendix

Effectiveness and Relevancy of Training for International Counseling Graduates: Interview Questions

Please review the following questions and conceptualize how they relate to you. There is no right or wrong answer. Thank you.

Relevance of Training:

  • Can you describe the usefulness of your training in the U.S. in a counseling or related program as it relates to work in your home country?

    • What types of things were helpful?

    • What types of things were not helpful?

    • What information was not presented in the curriculum that needs to be added?

    • Specific cultural practices, etc.?

  • What did you wish you could have learned in your training while in the U.S.?

Recommendations to current International Counseling Students and Counselor Educators:

  • Based on your personal experiences of being an international counseling student in the U.S. now working in your home country, what would you recommend to current international counseling students in America who intend to return to their home country for work to better prepare them for their careers as professional counselors, counselor educators, family therapist, or psychologist?

  • What advice would you give to counselor educators who currently train and supervise international counseling students in counseling and related programs in the U.S. to help them maximize their training in order to increase their preparedness to practice professionally when they return to their home country?

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lau, J., Ng, KM. Effectiveness and Relevance of Training for International Counseling Graduates: A Qualitative Inquiry. Int J Adv Counselling 34, 87–105 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-011-9128-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-011-9128-2

Keywords

Navigation