Abstract
Immunomodulatory agent (IMA)-unresponsive multiple sclerosis (MS) can quickly evolve to a dramatic and irreversible disability. Treating these patients with appropriate immunosuppressive therapies can be a chance to arrest disease activity and progression. Cyclophosphamide (Cyc)-based intense immunosuppression has been successfully used to treat rapidly deteriorating, IMA-refractory MS patients. Therapeutic protocols combining Cyc and interferon beta (IFNβ) have also been successfully applied to treat IFNβ-unresponsive MS. The association of Cyc with other immunomodulatory drugs or monoclonal antibodies is currently being investigated in clinical trials aimed at treating severe forms of autoimmune diseases.
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Perini, P., Calabrese, M., Rinaldi, L. et al. Cyclophosphamide-based combination therapies for autoimmunity. Neurol Sci 29 (Suppl 2), 233–234 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-008-0947-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-008-0947-9