Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatitis C as a systemic disease: virus and host immunologic responses underlie hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Gastroenterology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. HM Grey PF Kohler (1973) ArticleTitleCryoimmunoglobulins Semin Hematol 10 87–112 Occurrence Handle4633223 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXktFKit7o%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. AL Zignego F Giannelli ME Marrocchi A Mazzocca C Ferri C Giannini et al. (2000) ArticleTitleT(14 : 18) translocation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection Hepatology 31 474–79 Occurrence Handle10655273 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7it1emsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/hep.510310230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Y Kitay-Cohen A Amiel N Hilzenrat D Buskila Y Ashur M Fejgin et al. (2000) ArticleTitleBcl-2 rearrangement in patients with chronic hepatitis C associated with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia type II Blood 96 2910–12 Occurrence Handle11023531 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnt12gtL4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. E Zuckerman T Zuckerman D Sahar S Streichman D Attias E Sabo et al. (2001) ArticleTitlebcl-2 and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in patients with hepatitis C infection Br J Haematol 112 364–9 Occurrence Handle11167830 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhvVaqsr4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02573.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. AL Zignego C Ferri F Giannelli C Giannini P Caini M Monti et al. (2002) ArticleTitlePrevalence of bcl-2 rearrangement in patients with hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia with or without B-cell lymphomas Ann Intern Med 137 571–80 Occurrence Handle12353944 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotFyiur8%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. EH Sasso M Martinez SL Yarfitz P Ghillani L Musset JC Piette et al. (2004) ArticleTitleFrequent joining of Bcl-2 to a JH6 gene in hepatitis C virus-associated t(14 : 18) J Immunol 173 3549–56 Occurrence Handle15322220 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvVGjt70%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. MP Curry L Golden-Mason DG Doherty T Deignan S Norris M Duffy et al. (2003) ArticleTitleExpansion of innate CD5pos B cells expressing high levels of CD81 in hepatitis C virus infected liver J Hepatol 38 642–50 Occurrence Handle12713876 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtFertbo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00075-8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. JC Brouet JP Clauvel F Danon M Klein M Seligmann (1974) ArticleTitleBiologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins Am J Med 57 775–88 Occurrence Handle4216269 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE2M%2FntV2ntQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0002-9343(74)90852-3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. VS Wong W Egner T Elsey D Brown GJ Alexander (1996) ArticleTitleIncidence, character and clinical relevance of mixed cryoglobulinemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection Clin Exp Immunol 104 25–31 Occurrence Handle8603528 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287otFalsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-639.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. MJ Mayo (2002) ArticleTitleExtrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C infection Am J Med Sci 325 135–48 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00000441-200303000-00006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. RJ Johnson DR Gretch H Yamabe J Hart CE Bacchi P Hartwell et al. (1993) ArticleTitleMembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection N Engl J Med 328 465–70 Occurrence Handle7678440 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s7jtlamtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199302183280703

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. V Agnello RT Chung IM Kaplan (1992) ArticleTitleA roll for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinaemia N Engl J Med 327 1490 Occurrence Handle1383822 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FisVyitw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199211193272104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. C Okuse Y Yotsuyanagi T Okazaki K Yasuda T Fujioka M Tomoe et al. (2003) ArticleTitleDetection, using a novel method, of a high prevalence of cryoglobulinemia in persistent hepatitis C virus infection Hepatol Res 27 18–22 Occurrence Handle12957202 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvFSis74%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1386-6346(03)00189-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. F Lunel L Musset P Cacoub L Frangeul P Cresta M Perrin et al. (1994) ArticleTitleCryoglobulinemia in chronic liver disease: role of hepatitis C virus and liver damage Gastroenterology 106 1291–300 Occurrence Handle7513667 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ivFCksg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R Misiani P Bellavita D Fenili O Vicari D Marchesi PL Sironi et al. (1994) ArticleTitleInterferon alpha-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus N Engl J Med 330 751–6 Occurrence Handle8107741 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c7ltVGnug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199403173301104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. E Zuckerman D Keren G Slobodin I Rosner M Rozenbaum E Toubi E Sabo et al. (2000) ArticleTitleTreatment of refractory, symptomatic, hepatitis C virus related mixed cryoglobulinemia with ribavirin and interferon-alpha J Rheumatol 27 2172–8 Occurrence Handle10990230 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvVWmtr4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. P Cacoub O Lidove T Maisonobe P Duhaut V Thibault P Ghillani et al. (2002) ArticleTitleInterferon-alpha and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus-related systemic vasculitis Arthritis Rheum 46 3317–26 Occurrence Handle12483738 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjslGhtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/art.10699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Y Ubara S Hara H Katori T Tagami A Kitamura M Yokota et al. (2000) ArticleTitleSplenectomy may improve the glomerulopathy of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia Am J Kidney Dis 35 1186–92 Occurrence Handle10845834 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czgsFemtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. K Kasuno T Ono A Matsumori F Nogaki H Kusano H Watanabe et al. (2003) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus-associated tubuloin-terstitial injury Am J Kidney Dis 41 767–75 Occurrence Handle12666063

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Y Arase K Ikeda N Murashima K Chayama A Tsubota I Koida et al. (1998) ArticleTitleGlomerulonephritis in autopsy cases with hepatitis C virus infection Intern Med 37 836–40 Occurrence Handle9840704 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FlsVCguw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. G D'Amico A Fornasieri (1995) ArticleTitleCryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis: a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis induced by hepatitis C virus Am J Kidney Dis 25 361–9 Occurrence Handle7532915

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. RA Sinico A Fornasieri G D'Amico (2000) ArticleTitleRenal manifestations associated with hepatitis C infection Ann Med Interne (Paris) 151 41–5 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3isVKhtQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. RJ Johnson DR Gretch WG Couser CE Alpers J Willson M Chung et al. (1994) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Effect of alpha-interferon therapy Kidney Int 46 1700–4 Occurrence Handle7535369 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M3hsVCjtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/ki.1994.471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. E Lopes LV Lopes AE Silva (1996) ArticleTitleMixed cryoglobulinemia and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection Ann Intern Med 125 781–2 Occurrence Handle8929026 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FgslGlsA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. R Misiani P Bellavita P Baio R Caldara S Ferruzzi P Rossi et al. (1999) ArticleTitleSuccessful treatment of HCV-associated cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis with a combination of interferon-alpha and ribavirin Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 1558–60 Occurrence Handle10383026 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzhtVequw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/ndt/14.6.1558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. AA Sabry MA Sobh HA Sheaashaa G Kudesia G Wild S Fox et al. (2002) ArticleTitleEffect of combination therapy (ribavirin and interferon) in HCV-related glomerulopathy Nephrol Dial Transplant 17 1924–30 Occurrence Handle12401848 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xptlelu74%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/ndt/17.11.1924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. F Dammacco D Sansonno JH Han V Shyamala V Cornacchiulo AR Iacobelli et al. (1994) ArticleTitleNatural interferon-alpha versus its combination with 6-methyl-prednisolone in the therapy of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: a long-term, randomized, controlled study Blood 84 3336–43 Occurrence Handle7524736 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXitV2htLw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A Matsumori (2000) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus and cardiomyopathy Herz 25 249–54 Occurrence Handle10904847 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvnt1Cnsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s000590050015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. A Matsumori C Yutani Y Ikeda S Kawai S Sasayama (2000) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy Lab Invest 80 1137–42 Occurrence Handle10908160 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlsF2iu74%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. A Matsumori (2006) ArticleTitleRole of hepatitis C virus in cardiomyopathies Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 55 99–120 Occurrence Handle16329660

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. M Okabe K Fukuda K Arakawa M Kikuchi (1997) ArticleTitleChronic variant of myocarditis associated with hepatitis C virus infection Circulation 96 22–4 Occurrence Handle9236410 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkvVCktbw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. B Maisch AD Ristic I Portig S Pankuweit (2003) ArticleTitleHuman viral cardiomyopathy Front Biosci 8 39–67 Occurrence Handle10.2741/962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. RP Sarkany (2001) ArticleTitleThe management of porphyria cutanea tarda Clin Exp Dermatol 26 225–32 Occurrence Handle11422163 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzmtFagsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00825.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S Fargion A Piperno MD Cappellini M Sampietro AL Fracanzani R Romano et al. (1992) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus and porphyria cutanea tarda: evidence of a strong association Hepatology 16 1322–6 Occurrence Handle1359994 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FnslWhsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/hep.1840160603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. C Herrero A Vicente M Bruguera MG Ercilla JM Barrera J Vidal et al. (1993) ArticleTitleIs hepatitis C virus infection a trigger of porphyria cutanea tarda? Lancet 341 788–9 Occurrence Handle7681135 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s3gsVGluw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0140-6736(93)90562-U

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. N Tsukazaki K Tanaka H Irifune H Yoshida M Watanabe T Ohgami et al. (1994) ArticleTitleRelationship between porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) and viral hepatitis J Dermatol 21 411–4 Occurrence Handle7914899 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2czkt1Grtw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. I Hussain NC Hepburn A Jones K O'Rourke PC Hayes (1996) ArticleTitleThe association of hepatitis C viral infection with porphyria cutanea trada in the Lothian region of Scotland Clin Exp Dermatol 21 283–5 Occurrence Handle8959900 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2s7hvFSktQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00095.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J Okano Y Horie H Kawasaki M Kondo (1997) ArticleTitleInterferon treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda associated with chronic hepatitis type C Hepatogastroenterology 44 525–8 Occurrence Handle9164531 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjt1aqtrw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. RI Fox (2005) ArticleTitleSjögren's syndrome Lancet 366 321–21 Occurrence Handle16039337 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmsVWkur4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66990-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Y Nagao S Hanada S Shishido T Ide R Kumashiro T Ueno et al. (2003) ArticleTitleIncidence of Sjögren's syndrome in Japanese patients with HCV infection J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18 258–66 Occurrence Handle12603525 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02982.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. K Koike K Moriya K Ishibashi H Yotsuyanagi Y Shintani H Fujie et al. (1997) ArticleTitleSialadenitis histologically resembling Sjögren syndrome in mice transgenic for hepatitis C virus envelope genes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 233–6 Occurrence Handle8990191 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktVCktw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.94.1.233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. K Takamatsu I Okayasu Y Koyanagi N Yamamoto (1992) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus propagates in salivary glands J Infect Dis 165 973–4 Occurrence Handle1314875 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK383jsFGisA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. JJ Arrieta E Rodriguez-Inigo N Ortiz-Movilla J Bartolome M Pardo F Manzarbeitia et al. (2001) ArticleTitleIn situ detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in salivary gland Am J Pathol 158 259–64 Occurrence Handle11141499 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmsFKquw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. F Lunel P Cacoub (2000) ArticleTitleTreatment of autoimmune and extra-hepatic manifestations of HCV infection Ann Med Interne (Paris) 151 58–64 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3isVKgsg%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. C Scully M Beyli MC Ferreiro G Ficarra Y Gill M Griffiths et al. (1998) ArticleTitleUpdate on oral lichen planus: etiopathogenesis and management Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 9 86–122 Occurrence Handle9488249 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7kslGksQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. PB Sugerman NW Savage LJ Walsh ZZ Zhao XJ Zhou A Khan et al. (2002) ArticleTitleThe pathogenesis of oral lichen planus Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 13 350–65 Occurrence Handle12191961 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38vjsVansA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A Rebora E Robert F Rongioletti (1992) ArticleTitleClinical and laboratory presentation of lichen planus patients with chronic liver disease J Dermatol Sci 4 38–41 Occurrence Handle1327093 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2Fgt1OktQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0923-1811(92)90054-F

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. JV Bagan JM Aguirre JA del Olmo A Milian M Penarrocha JM Rodrigo et al. (1994) ArticleTitleOral lichen planus and chronic liver disease: a clinical and morphometric study of the oral lesions in relation to transaminase elevation Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78 337–42 Occurrence Handle7970595 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FmtVKrtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0030-4220(94)90065-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. B Bellamn RK Reddy V Falanga (1995) ArticleTitleLichen planus associated with hepatitis C Lancet 346 1234 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92945-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Y Nagao M Sata K Tanikawa K Itoh T Kameyama (1995) ArticleTitleLichen planus and hepatitis C virus in the northern Kyushu region of Japan Eur J Clin Invest 25 910–4 Occurrence Handle8719930 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK28zmtVShsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01966.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. M Ingafou SR Porter C Scully CG Teo (1998) ArticleTitleNo evidence of HCV infection or liver disease in British patients with oral lichen planus Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 27 65–66 Occurrence Handle9506305 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7mslajtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0901-5027(98)80101-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. EH van der Meij I van der Waal (2000) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus infection and oral lichen planus: a report from the Netherlands J Oral Pathol Med 29 255–8 Occurrence Handle10890555 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2Fhs1yrsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0714.2000.290603.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Y Nagao M Sata (2004) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus and lichen planus J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 1101–13 Occurrence Handle15377286 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.03324.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Y Nagao T Kameyama M Sata (1998) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus RNA detection in oral lichen planus tissue Am J Gastroenterol 93 850 Occurrence Handle9625153 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3os1yitQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.850_a.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Y Nagao M Sata S Noguchi T Seno'o M Kinoshita T Kameyama et al. (2000) ArticleTitleDetection of hepatitis C virus RNA in oral lichen planus and oral cancer tissues J Oral Pathol Med 29 259–66 Occurrence Handle10890556 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltVCnt7o%3D Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0714.2000.290604.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. JJ Arrieta E Rodriguez-Inigo M Casqueiro J Bartolom F Manzarbeitia M Herrero et al. (2000) ArticleTitleDetection of hepatitis C virus replication by in situ hybridization in epithelial cells of anti-hepatitis C virus-positive patients with and without oral lichen planus Hepatology 32 97–103 Occurrence Handle10869295 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czjtVSguw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1053/jhep.2000.8533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. M Pilli A Penna A Zerbini P Vescovi M Manfredi F Negro et al. (2002) ArticleTitleOral lichen planus pathogenesis: a role for the HCV-specific cellular immune response Hepatology 36 1446–52 Occurrence Handle12447871 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xps1ylurc%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Y Nagao M Sata K Itoh K Tanikawa T Kameyama (1996) ArticleTitleQuantitative analysis of HCV RNA and genotype in patients with chronic hepatitis C accompanied by oral lichen planus Eur J Clin Invest 26 495–8 Occurrence Handle8817164 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK28vhsVWjtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2362.1996.167314.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. G Lodi M Carrozzo R Hallett E D'Amico A Piattelli CG Teo et al. (1997) ArticleTitleHCV genotypes in Italian patients with HCV-related oral lichen planus J Oral Pathol Med 26 381–4 Occurrence Handle9379429 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FitFWqsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1600-0714.1997.tb00235.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Y Nagao M Sata H Suzuki K Tanigawa K Itoh T Kameyama (1996) ArticleTitleEffectiveness of glycyrrhizin for oral lichen planus in patients with chronic HCV infection J Gastroenterol 31 691–5 Occurrence Handle8887036 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xmtlyntrw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02347618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. MS Doutre C Beylot P Couzigou P Long P Royer J Beylot (1992) ArticleTitleLichen planus and virus C hepatitis: disappearance of the lichen under interferon alpha therapy Dermatology 184 229 Occurrence Handle1392122 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FgsFSjuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000247552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. S Baccia S Gamberini M Della Libera R Strumia D Ventrurini (1993) ArticleTitleLichen planus and interferon therapy for hepatitis C Gastroenterology 105 1921–2

    Google Scholar 

  63. U Protzer FR Ochsendorf A Leopolder-Ochsendorf KH Holtermuller (1993) ArticleTitleExacerbation of lichen planus during interferon alpha-2a therapy for chronic active hepatitis C Gastroenterology 104 903–5 Occurrence Handle8440441 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s7nvVymsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Y Nagao M Sata H Suzuki T Kameyama T Ueno (1999) ArticleTitleHistological improvement of oral lichen planus in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon Gastroenterology 117 283–4 Occurrence Handle10428615 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzltFGnsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70595-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Y Nagao M Sata K Tanikawa K Itoh T Kameyama (1995) ArticleTitleHigh prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody and RNA in patients with oral cancer J Oral Pathol Med 24 354–60 Occurrence Handle7500291 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287gtVaqsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01199.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Y Nagao M Sata K Itoh I Chiba K Komiyama S Yanoma et al. (1997) ArticleTitleHigh prevalence of hepatitis C antibody and RNA in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Hepatol Res 7 206–12

    Google Scholar 

  67. ME Allison T Wreghitt CR Palmer GJ Alexander (1994) ArticleTitleEvidence for a link between hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes mellitus in a cirrhotic population J Hepatol 21 1135–9 Occurrence Handle7699240 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M3htlGltA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80631-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. SH Mehta FL Brancati MS Sulkowski SA Strathdee M Szklo DL Thomas (2001) ArticleTitlePrevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among persons with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States Ann Intern Med 133 592–9

    Google Scholar 

  69. MM Hassan LY Hwang CJ Hatten M Swaim D Li JL Abbruzzese et al. (2002) ArticleTitleRisk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus Hepatology 36 1206–13 Occurrence Handle12395331 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFaktr4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1053/jhep.2002.36780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. G Bianchi G Marchesini M Zoli E Bugianesi A Fabbri E Pisi (1994) ArticleTitlePrognostic significance of diabetes in patients with cirrhosis Hepatology 20 119–25 Occurrence Handle8020880 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3pt1SqtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. M Mueckler (1990) ArticleTitleFamily of glucose-transporter genes. Implications for glucose homeostasis and diabetes Diabetes 39 6–11 Occurrence Handle2210061 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXnsVKksA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.2337/diabetes.39.1.6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. JM Petit JB Bour C Galland-Jos A Minello B Verges M Guiguet et al. (2001) ArticleTitleRisk factors for diabetes mellitus and early insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C J Hepatol 35 279–83 Occurrence Handle11580152 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrjtlOhtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00143-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. H Zylberberg AC Rimaniol S Pol A Masson D De Groote P Berthelot et al. (1999) ArticleTitleSoluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in chronic hepatitis C: a correlation with histological fibrosis and activity J Hepatol 30 185–91 Occurrence Handle10068094 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXht12qtrc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-8278(99)80060-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. AD Pradhan PM Ridker (2002) ArticleTitleDo atherosclerosis and type2 diabetes share a common inflammatory basis? Eur Heart J 23 831–4 Occurrence Handle12042000 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslCmsLo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1053/euhj.2001.3052

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Y Shintani H Fujie H Miyoshi T Tsutsumi K Tsukamoto S Kimura et al. (2004) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus and diabetes: direct involvement of the virus in the development of insulin resistance Gastroenterology 126 840–8 Occurrence Handle14988838 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivFCisLw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.056

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. N Bach SN Thung F Schaffner (1992) ArticleTitleThe histological features of chronic hepatitis C and autoimmune chronic hepatitis: a comparative analysis Hepatology 15 572–7 Occurrence Handle1551632 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK383gtFOltQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/hep.1840150403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. K Moriya H Yotsuyanagi Y Shintani H Fujie K Ishibashi Y Matsuura et al. (1997) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus core protein induces hepatic steatosis in transgenic mice J Gen Virol 78 1527–31 Occurrence Handle9225025 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXktlWlt78%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. T Ito K Yasui J Mukaigawa A Katsume M Kohara K Mitamura (2001) ArticleTitleAcquisition of susceptibility to hepatitis C virus replication in HepG2 cells by fusion with primary human hepatocytes: establishment of a quantitative assay for hepatitis C virus infectivity in a cell culture system Hepatology 34 566–72 Occurrence Handle11526543 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmvV2kt7s%3D Occurrence Handle10.1053/jhep.2001.26752

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. YK Shimizu A Iwamoto M Hijikata RH Purcell H Yoshikura (1992) ArticleTitleEvidence for in vitro replication of hepatitis C virus genome in a human T-cell line Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 5477–81 Occurrence Handle1319062 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XksVGksr0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.89.12.5477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. C Ferri L La Civita F Caracciolo AL Zignego (1994) ArticleTitleNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma: possible role of hepatitis C virus J Am Med Assoc 272 355–6 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2czgtVOrsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.272.5.355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. C Ferri F Caracciolo AL Zignego L La Civita M Monti G Longombardo et al. (1994) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus infection in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma Br J Haematol 88 392–4 Occurrence Handle7803287 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M7gtFGisQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. AM Bring JP Watson A Burt P Kestevan J Wallis SJ Proctor et al. (1996) ArticleTitleNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hepatitis C infection Leuk Lymphoma 21 127–30

    Google Scholar 

  83. T Izumi R Sasaki Y Miura H Okamoto (1996) ArticleTitlePrimary hepatosplenic lymphoma: association with hepatitis C infection Blood 87 5380–1 Occurrence Handle8652854 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK283kslGnsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. DJ Thalen J Raemaekers J Galama MP Cooreman (1997) ArticleTitleAbsence of hepatitis C virus infection in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Br J Haematol 96 880–1 Occurrence Handle9074442 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ivVeltg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. MD McColl IO Singer RC Tait IR McNeil RL Cumming RB Hogg (1997) ArticleTitleThe role of hepatitis C virus in the aetiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma—a regional association? Leuk Lymphoma 26 127–30 Occurrence Handle9250797 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2szpt1GrsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. A Kashyap A Nademanee A Molina (1997) ArticleTitleHepatitis C and B-cell lymphoma Ann Intern Med 128 695

    Google Scholar 

  87. G Germanidis C Haioun J Pourquier P Gaulard JM Pawlotsky D Dhumeaux et al. (1999) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus infection in patients with overt B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a French center Blood 93 1778–9 Occurrence Handle10084815 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhsFeqs7w%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. JD Collier B Zanke M Moore G Kessier M Krajden F Shepherd et al. (1999) ArticleTitleNo association between hepatitis C and B-cell lymphoma Hepatology 29 1259–61 Occurrence Handle10094973 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7pslWjug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/hep.510290422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. A Perl PD Gorevic DH Ryan JJ Condemi RJ Ruszkowski GN Abraham (1989) ArticleTitleClonal B cell expression in patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia Clin Exp Immunol 76 54–60 Occurrence Handle2786780 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M3ovVOiug%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. C Ferri L La Civita M Monti G Longombardo F Greco G Pasero et al. (1995) ArticleTitleCan type C hepatitis infection be complicated by malignant lymphoma? Lancet 346 1426–7 Occurrence Handle7475839 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FnsFClsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92442-6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. De Vita S, Sansonno D, Dolcetti R, Ferraccioli G, Carbone A, Cornacchiulo V, et al. Hepatitis C virus within a malignant lymphoma lesion in the course of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1995;1887–92

  92. S De Vita C Sacco D Sansonno A Gloghini F Dammacco M Crovatto et al. (1997) ArticleTitleCharacterization of overt B-cell lymphomas in patients with hepatitis C virus infection Blood 90 776–82 Occurrence Handle9226178 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXksF2jt7g%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. O Hermine F Lefrere JP Bronowicki X Mariette K Jondeau V Eclache-Saudreau et al. (2002) ArticleTitleRegression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis ac virus infection N Engl J Med 347 89–94 Occurrence Handle12110736 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltFGrurs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJMoa013376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. AM Levine S Shimodaira MM Lai (2003) ArticleTitleTreatment of HCV-related mantle-cell lymphoma with ribavirin and pegylated interferon alpha N Engl J Med 349 2078–9 Occurrence Handle14627800 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptFKlsb0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM200311203492121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. C Kelaidi F Rollot S Park M Tulliez B Christoforov Y Calmus et al. (2004) ArticleTitleResponse to antiviral treatment in hepatitis C virus-associated marginal zone lymphomas Leukemia 18 1711–6 Occurrence Handle15284859 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvV2qsLo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.leu.2403443

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. D Vallisa P Bernuzzi L Arcaini S Sacchi V Callea R Marasca et al. (2005) ArticleTitleRole of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in HCV-related, low-grade, B-cell, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a multicenter Italian experience J Clin Oncol 23 468–73 Occurrence Handle15659492 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitVartrw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1200/JCO.2005.06.008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. M Montella L Pezzillo A Crispo F Izzo A Amore U Marone et al. (2003) ArticleTitleRisk of thyroid cancer and high prevalence of hepatitis C virus Oncol Rep 10 113–6

    Google Scholar 

  98. A Antonelli C Ferri A Pampana P Fallahi C Nesti M Pasquini et al. (2004) ArticleTitleThyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C Am J Med 117 10–3 Occurrence Handle15210382 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltVCqu74%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. L Muratori DP Bogdanos P Muratori M Lenzi A Granito Y Ma et al. (2005) ArticleTitleSusceptibility to thyroid disorders in hepatitis C Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 595–603 Occurrence Handle15952102 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmt1Cqsb4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00018-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. A Testa P Castaldi V Fant GF Fiore V Grieco A DeRosa et al. (2006) ArticleTitlePrevalence of HCV antibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 10 183–6 Occurrence Handle16910348 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD28vos1akuw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. P Marcellin M Pouteau JP Benhamou (1995) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus infection, alpha interferon therapy and thyroid dysfunction J Hepatol 22 364–9 Occurrence Handle7608489 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2Mzjt1KlsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0168-8278(95)80291-6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. E Pittau A Bogliolo A Tinti Q Mela G Ibba G Salis et al. (1997) ArticleTitleDevelopment of arthritis and hypothyroidism during alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C Clin Exp Rheumatol 15 415–9 Occurrence Handle9272304 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2svhvVaquw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. MF Prummel P Laurberg (2003) ArticleTitleInterferon-alpha and autoimmune thyroid disease Thyroid 13 547–51 Occurrence Handle12930598 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmsFCrur4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1089/105072503322238809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. EJ Bini S Mehandru (2004) ArticleTitleIncidence of thyroid dysfunction during interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy in men with chronic hepatitis C: a prospective cohort study Arch Intern Med 22 2371–6 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archinte.164.21.2371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. R Vassallo (2003) ArticleTitleViral-induced inflammation in interstitial lung disease Semin Respir Infect 18 55–60 Occurrence Handle12652455 Occurrence Handle10.1053/srin.2003.50008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. T Ueda K Ohta N Suzuki M Yamaguchi K Hirai T Horiuchi et al. (1992) ArticleTitleIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and high prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus Am Rev Respir Dis 146 266–8 Occurrence Handle1320820 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK38zivVentg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. K Kubo S Yamaguchi K Fujimoto M Hanaoka M Hayasaka T Honda et al. (1996) ArticleTitleBronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection Thorax 51 312–4 Occurrence Handle8779138 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK283ks1Ggtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1136/thx.51.3.312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. WL Irving S Day ID Johnston (1993) ArticleTitleIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hepatitis C virus infection Am Rev Respir Dis 148 1683–4 Occurrence Handle7504894 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FnvFWitQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. A Karim S Ahmed A Khan H Steinberg J Mattana (2001) ArticleTitleInterstitial pneumonitis in a patient treated with alpha-interferon and ribavirin for hepatitis C infection Am J Med Sci 322 233–5 Occurrence Handle11678522 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrntFCitw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1097/00000441-200110000-00015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. TO Wood HE Kaufman (1971) ArticleTitleMooren's ulcer Am J Ophthalmol 71 417–22 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE3M7gsFemsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle5100476

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. SE Wilson WM Lee C Murakami J Weng GA Moninger (1994) ArticleTitleMooren-type hepatitis C virus-associated corneal ulceration Ophthalmology 101 736–45 Occurrence Handle7512254 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3gtlKhtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. G Moazami JD Auran GJ Florakis SE Wilson DB Srinivasan (1995) ArticleTitleInterferon treatment of Mooren's ulcers associated with hepatitis C Am J Ophthalmol 119 365–6 Occurrence Handle7532917 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M7nslanuw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. D Pluznik SI Butrus (2001) ArticleTitleHepatitis C-associated peripheral corneal ulceration: rapid response to intravenous steroids Cornea 20 888–9 Occurrence Handle11685073 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnhtVSqug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1097/00003226-200111000-00023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. ME Zegans M Srinivasan T McHugh JP Whitcher TP Margolis T Lietman et al. (1999) ArticleTitleMooren ulcer in South India: serology and clinical risk factors Am J Ophthalmol 128 205–10 Occurrence Handle10458177 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzosFemuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00162-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. ME Zegans W Anninger C Chapman SR Goedon (2002) ArticleTitleOcular manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection Curr Opin Ophthalmol 13 423–7 Occurrence Handle12441848 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00055735-200212000-00014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. AK Jain J Sukhija JS Saini Y Chawla RK Dhiman (2004) ArticleTitleHepatitis C virus-associated keratitis Eye 18 131–4 Occurrence Handle14762402 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FmtVOhtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.eye.6700604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan

    Chiaki Okuse

  2. Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan

    Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi & Kazuhiko Koike

Authors
  1. Chiaki Okuse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kazuhiko Koike
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Okuse, C., Yotsuyanagi, H. & Koike, K. Hepatitis C as a systemic disease: virus and host immunologic responses underlie hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations. J Gastroenterol 42, 857–865 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-007-2097-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-007-2097-x

Key words

Search

Navigation