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Tako-Tsubo syndrome: an important differential diagnosis in patients with acute chest pain

Das Tako-Tsubo Syndrom: eine wichtige Differentialdiagnose bei akutem Brustschmerz

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Zusammenfassung

HINTERGRUND: Bei der Tako-Tsubo Kardiomyopathie (TTK) handelt es sich um ein akutes kardiales Krankheitsbild mit Auftreten eines akuten Thoraxschmerzes nach vorangegangener Stressexposition. Elektrokardiographisch finden sich Zeichen einer Myokardischämie oder eines Myokardinfarktes, echokardiographisch liegt eine meist apikale reversible Wandbewegungsstörung vor. Im Gegensatz zum Myokardinfarkt zeigt das Koronarangiogramm unauffällige Koronararterien. Die TTK wurde erstmals in Japan Anfang der 90iger Jahre beschrieben. Zunehmend wurde dieses überwiegend bei älteren Frauen auftretende akute Krankheitsbild auch in anderen Ländern festgestellt, wobei bis zu 2% aller suspizierten ST-Hebungs-Myokardinfarkte betroffen sind. Abgesehen von Fallberichten liegen diesbezüglich jedoch keine Daten aus Österreich vor. PATIENTEN UND METHODEN: Wir analysierten Häufigkeit, diagnostische Charakteristika und den klinischen Verlauf von Patienten mit TTK, die in einem Zeitraum von 4 Jahren (2004–2008) akut an unserer kardiologischen Abteilung aufgenommen wurden. Die Diagnose wurde aufgrund der typischen reversiblen Wandbewegungsstörung im Ventrikulogramm und Echokardiogramm bei Fehlen von signifikanten Koronarstenosen gestellt. Unter den in diesem Zeitraum einer Herzkatheteruntersuchung unterzogenen 448 Patienten mit Verdacht auf akuten ST-Hebungsinfarkt (STEMI) und 963 Patienten mit Nicht-ST Hebungsinfarkt (NSTEMI) wurde bei 31 Patienten (2,2%) eine TTK diagnostiziert. RESULTATE: Patienten mit TTK waren überwiegend postmenopausale Frauen (90,3% Frauen, Durchschnittsalter: 75 ± 10,2 Jahren). Leitsymptom bei der Aufnahme waren akute Brustschmerzen bei 24 Patienten (77,4%), Atemnot bei 10 Patienten (32,3%) und Hypotension bei einem Patienten (3,2%). Bei 24 Patienten (77,4%) ging der Manifestation starker emotionaler (n = 9, 29%) oder physischer Stress (n = 15, 48,4%) voraus. Akute ST Hebungen fanden sich bei 13 Patienten (42%) und isolierte ST/T Wellen Veränderungen bei 18 Patienten (58%). Alle Patienten wiesen einen passageren Anstieg der kardialen Nekrosemarker auf. Eine signifikante Koronarstenose konnte bei keinem Patienten koronarangiographisch nachgewiesen werden. Nach einem durchschnittlichen klinischen Follow-up von 172,4 (± 342,8) Tagen waren 3 Patienten an nicht kardialer Ursache verstorben, eine weitere Patientin musste 13 Monate nach dem Indexereignis erneut wegen einer TTK hospitalisiert werden. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Die klinische Symptomatik sowie die elektrokardiographischen Veränderungen der TTK simulieren das Erscheinungsbild eines akuten Myokardinfarkts. Hinweise für das Vorliegen einer TTK sind eine vorangegangene Stressexposition bei älteren Frauen, die typische Wandbewegungsstörung im Echokardiogramm und der nur geringe Anstieg der kardialen Nekrosemarker. Die Durchführung einer Akut-Koronar-angiographie sollte möglichst rasch erfolgen, um einen akuten koronararteriellen Verschluss auszuschließen und um eine inadäquate Behandlung wie z.B. eine Thrombolyse zu vermeiden.

Summary

BACKGROUND: The syndrome of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is characterized by the occurrence of acute chest pain, electrocardiographic signs of ischemia, and transient balloon-like abnormalities in cardiac wall motion mostly involving the left ventricular apex. Significant obstructive coronary artery disease is absent. Owing to its clinical and imaging characteristics, TTC is frequently misdiagnosed as an acute coronary syndrome. Tako-Tsubo syndrome was first described in the 1990s in Japan, but meanwhile has been increasingly identified in other parts of the world also. TTC predominantly affects postmenopausal women, and may involve up to 2% of all patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Apart from single case reports, no systematic data from Austria are currently available. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed prevalence, diagnostic characteristics and the clinical course of patients with TTC admitted to our cardiology department during a period of four years (May 2004 – December 2008). Diagnosis of TTC was established by the presence of the typical apical ballooning pattern of the left ventricle shown by ventriculography or echocardiography and by the absence of a significant coronary artery stenosis as demonstrated by coronary angiography. Among 448 patients with suspected acute STEMI and 963 patients with non-STEMI, 31 patients (2.2%) were diagnosed as having TTC. RESULTS: The majority of identified patients with TTC were postmenopausal women (90.3% women, mean age 75 ± 10.2 years). At the time of acute hospital admission, the principal symptom was chest pain in 24 patients (77.4%), dyspnea in 10 (32.3%) and hypotension in one (3.2%). Preceding emotionally or physically stressful events were identified in 24 patients (77.4%: emotional 29%, physical 48.4%). Acute ST-segment elevation was present in 13 patients (42%) and ST/T wave abnormalities were found in 18 (58%). All patients demonstrated a distinct increase in levels of cardiac enzymes and biomarkers. Significant coronary artery stenosis was absent in all patients. After a clinical follow-up period of 172.4 ± 342.8 days, three patients had died from non-cardiac causes, TTC had recurred in another patient 13 months after the index event, and the other 27 patients were free from cardiac symptoms and the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities had resolved. CONCLUSION: Patients with TTC display clinical symptoms and electrocardiographic findings that mimic acute myocardial infarction. A history of a preceding stressful event in elderly women, typical echocardiographic findings of TTC, and only a mild elevation of cardiac markers will be informative. Acute-coronary angiography should be performed in order to rule out acute coronary occlusion and to avoid inadequate treatment such as thrombolysis.

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Correspondence to Daniela Primetshofer.

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Primetshofer, D., Agladze, R., Kratzer, H. et al. Tako-Tsubo syndrome: an important differential diagnosis in patients with acute chest pain. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122, 37–44 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1275-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1275-7

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