Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Immunohistochemistry in bone marrow pathology: a useful adjunct for morphologic diagnosis

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Virchows Archiv Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pathomorphological examination of trephine biopsies of the bone marrow (BM) represents a standard method for the diagnosis and staging of hematologic neoplasms and other disorders involving the BM. The increasing knowledge about the genetic basis and biology of hematologic neoplasms, as well as the recently proposed WHO classification system, provide the framework for an accurate diagnosis. Although conventional morphology remains the gold standard for paraffin-embedded BM trephines, immunohistochemical stainings have become an integral part of the diagnostic workup. Antibodies suitable for paraffin sections are generally applicable to BM trephines, but modifications of staining protocols may be necessary due to the alternative fixatives and decalcification procedures used for BM biopsies. The indications for immunostainings range from confirmation and classification of lymphoma involvement, subclassification of acute leukemias, and estimating blast counts in myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative syndromes to characterization of BM involvement in nonhematologic neoplasms. Although subtyping of NHL in the BM is more difficult from the point of morphology, classification of the entities that frequently involve the BM, especially the small B-cell lymphomas, can easily be achieved with the help of immunohistochemistry. In this review, we try to summarize the current state of the art in BM immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of hematologic disorders. Moreover, diagnostic algorithms and useful antibody panels are proposed for a rational and cost-effective approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alcalay M, Tiacci E, Bergomas R, Bigerna B, Venturini E, Minardi SP, Meani N, Diverio D, Bernard L, Tizzoni L, Volorio S, Luzi L, Colombo E, Lo Coco F, Mecucci C, Falini B, Pelicci PG (2005) Acute myeloid leukemia bearing cytoplasmic nucleophosmin (NPMc+ AML) shows a distinct gene expression profile characterized by up-regulation of genes involved in stem-cell maintenance. Blood 106:899–902

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alvares CL, Matutes E, Scully MA, Swansbury J, Min T, Gruszka-Westwood AM, Atkinson S, Hilditch B, Morilla R, Wotherspoon AC, Catovsky D (2004) Isolated bone marrow involvement in diffuse large B cell lymphoma: a report of three cases with review of morphological, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic findings. Leuk Lymphoma 45:769–775

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Andriko JW, Swerdlow SH, Aguilera NI, Abbondanzo SL (2001) Is lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/immunocytoma a distinct entity? A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 25:742–751

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. The Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project (1997) A clinical evaluation of the international lymphoma study group classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 89:3909–3918

    Google Scholar 

  5. Arber DA, Jenkins KA, Slovak ML (1996) CD79 alpha expression in acute myeloid leukemia. High frequency of expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Am J Pathol 149:1105–1110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Attygalle AD, Diss TC, Munson P, Isaacson PG, Du MQ, Dogan A (2004) CD10 expression in extranodal dissemination of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 28:54–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Attygalle AD, Liu H, Shirali S, Diss TC, Loddenkemper C, Stein H, Dogan A, Du MQ, Isaacson PG (2004) Atypical marginal zone hyperplasia of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: a reactive condition of childhood showing immunoglobulin lambda light-chain restriction. Blood 104:3343–3348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Audouin J, Le Tourneau A, Molina T, Camilleri-Broet S, Adida C, Comperat E, Benattar L, Delmer A, Devidas A, Rio B, Diebold J (2003) Patterns of bone marrow involvement in 58 patients presenting primary splenic marginal zone lymphoma with or without circulating villous lymphocytes. Br J Haematol 122:404–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Avet-Loiseau H, Garand R, Lode L, Harousseau JL, Bataille R (2003) Translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) is the hallmark of IgM, IgE, and nonsecretory multiple myeloma variants. Blood 101:1570–1571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bain BJ (2001) Bone marrow trephine biopsy. J Clin Pathol 54:737–742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ballesteros E, Osborne BM, Matsushima AY (1998) CD5+ low-grade marginal zone B-cell lymphomas with localized presentation. Am J Surg Pathol 22:201–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Batstone P, Forsyth L, Goodlad JR (2003) Cytogenetic evidence for the origin of neoplastic cells in CD5-positive marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Hum Pathol 34:1065–1067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bavikatty NR, Ross CW, Finn WG, Schnitzer B, Singleton TP (2000) Anti-CD10 immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin-embedded acute leukemias: comparison with flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Hum Pathol 31:1051–1054

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bayle C, Charpentier A, Duchayne E, Manel AM, Pages MP, Robert A, Lamant L, Dastugue N, Bertrand Y, Dijoud F, Emile JF, Machover D, Brugieres L, Delsol G (1999) Leukaemic presentation of small cell variant anaplastic large cell lymphoma: report of four cases. Br J Haematol 104:680–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Belhadj K, Reyes F, Farcet JP, Tilly H, Bastard C, Angonin R, Deconinck E, Charlotte F, Leblond V, Labouyrie E, Lederlin P, Emile JF, Delmas-Marsalet B, Arnulf B, Zafrani ES, Gaulard P (2003) Hepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphoma is a rare clinicopathologic entity with poor outcome: report on a series of 21 patients. Blood 102:4261–4269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bellan C, Lazzi S, De Falco G, Nyongo A, Giordano A, Leoncini L (2003) Burkitt's lymphoma: new insights into molecular pathogenesis. J Clin Pathol 56:188–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Berger F, Felman P, Thieblemont C, Pradier T, Baseggio L, Bryon PA, Salles G, Callet-Bauchu E, Coiffier B (2000) Non-MALT marginal zone B-cell lymphomas: a description of clinical presentation and outcome in 124 patients. Blood 95:1950–1956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bernhards J, Weitzel B, Werner M, Rimpler M, Georgii A (1992) A new histological embedding method by low-temperature polymerisation of methyl methacrylate allowing immuno- and enzyme histochemical studies on semi-thin sections of undecalcified bone marrow biopsies. Histochemistry 98(3):145–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bertoni F, Zucca E, Cotter FE (2004) Molecular basis of mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 124:130–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Blum KA, Lozanski G, Byrd JC (2004) Adult Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma. Blood 104:3009–3020

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Buhr T, Laenger F, Schlué J, von Wasielewski R, Lehmann U, Braumann D, Kreipe H (2002) Reliability of lymphoma classification in bone marrow trephines. Br J Haematol 118:470–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Butmarc J, Kourea HP, Kadin ME (1997) CD5 immunostaining of lymphoid neoplasms in paraffin sections. Am J Clin Pathol 107:496–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Cairo MS, Sposto R, Perkins SL, Meadows AT, Hoover-Regan ML, Anderson JR, Siegel SE, Lones MA, Tedeschi-Blok N, Kadin ME, Kjeldsberg CR, Wilson JF, Sanger W, Morris E, Krailo MD, Finlay JL (2003) Burkitt's and Burkitt-like lymphoma in children and adolescents: a review of the Children's Cancer Group experience. Br J Haematol 120(4):660–670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Camacho FI, Algara P, Mollejo M, Garcia JF, Montalban C, Martinez N, Sanchez-Beato M, Piris MA (2003) Nodal marginal zone lymphoma: a heterogeneous tumor: a comprehensive analysis of a series of 27 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 27:762–771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Campo E (2003) Genetic and molecular genetic studies in the diagnosis of B-cell lymphomas I: mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma. Hum Pathol 34:330–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Campo E, Miquel R, Krenacs L, Sorbara L, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES (1999) Primary nodal marginal zone lymphomas of splenic and MALT type. Am J Surg Pathol 23(1):59–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Carreras J, Villamor N, Colomo L, Moreno C, Cajal SR, Crespo M, Tort F, Bosch F, Lopez-Guillermo A, Colomer D, Montserrat E, Campo E (2005) Immunohistochemical analysis of ZAP-70 expression in B-cell lymphoid neoplasms. J Pathol 205:507–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cascavilla N, Musto P, D'Arena G, Melillo L, Carella AM, Petrilli MP, Sanpaolo G, Carotenuto M (1998) CD117 (c-kit) is a restricted antigen of acute myeloid leukemia and characterizes early differentiative levels of M5 FAB subtype. Haematologica 83:392–397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Caulet S, Delmer A, Audouin J, Le Tourneau A, Bernadou A, Zittoun R, Diebold J (1990) Histopathological study of bone marrow biopsies in 30 cases of T-cell lymphoma with clinical, biological and survival correlations. Hematol Oncol 8:155–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chittal SM, Brousset P, Voigt JJ, Delsol G (1991) Large B-cell lymphoma rich in T-cells and simulating Hodgkin's disease. Histopathology 19:211–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Chott A, Augustin I, Wrba F, Hanak H, Ohlinger W, Radaszkiewicz T (1990) Peripheral T-cell lymphomas: a clinicopathologic study of 75 cases. Hum Pathol 21(11):1117–1125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chu PG, Chang KL, Arber DA, Weiss LM (1999) Practical applications of immunohistochemistry in hematolymphoid neoplasms. Ann Diagn Pathol 3:104–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cohen JI (2003) Benign and malignant Epstein–Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. Semin Hematol 40:116–123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cohen PL, Kurtin PJ, Donovan KA, Hanson CA (1998) Bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement in mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 101:302–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Conlan MG, Bast M, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD (1990) Bone marrow involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the clinical significance of morphologic discordance between the lymph node and bone marrow. Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 8:1163–1172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cooke CB, Krenacs L, Stetler-Stevenson M, Greiner TC, Raffeld M, Kingma DW, Abruzzo L, Frantz C, Kaviani M, Jaffe ES (1996) Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity of cytotoxic gamma delta T-cell origin. Blood 88:4265–4274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Crotty PL, Smith BR, Tallini G (1998) Morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular evaluation of bone marrow involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Diagn Mol Pathol 7:90–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. deJong D, Voetdijk BMH, van Ommen GJB, Kluin PM (1989) Alterations in immunoglobulin genes reveal the origin and evolution of monotypic and bitypic B cell lymphomas. Am J Pathol 134:1233–1242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Delage R, Jacques L, Massinga-Loembe M, Poulin J, Bilodeau D, Mignault C, Leblond PF, Darveau A (2001) Persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: further evidence for a genetic disorder associated with B-cell abnormalities. Br J Haematol 114(3):666–670

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Diebold J, Molina T, Camilleri-Broet S, le Tourneau A, Audouin J (2000) Bone marrow manifestations of infections and systemic diseases observed in bone marrow trephine biopsy. Histopathology 37:199–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dierlamm J, Pittaluga S, Wlodarska I, Stul M, Thomas J, Boogaerts M, Michaux L, Driessen A, Mecucci C, Cassiman JJ (1996) Marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of different sites share similar cytogenetic and morphologic features. Blood 87:299–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dogan A, Morice WG (2004) Bone marrow histopathology in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Br J Haematol 127:140–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dogan A, Morice WG (2004) Bone marrow histopathology in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Br J Haematol 127:140–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Dong HY, Gorczyca W, Liu Z, Tsang P, Wu CD, Cohen P, Weisberger J (2003) B-cell lymphomas with coexpression of CD5 and CD10. Am J Clin Pathol 119(2):218–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dorfman DM, Shahsafaei A (1997) Usefulness of a new CD5 antibody for the diagnosis of T-cell and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in paraffin sections. Mod Pathol 10:859–863

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ely SA, Knowles DM (2002) Expression of CD56/neural cell adhesion molecule correlates with the presence of lytic bone lesions in multiple myeloma and distinguishes myeloma from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and lymphomas with plasmocytoid differentiation. Am J Pathol 160:1293–1299

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Epstein J, Xiao HQ, He XY (1990) Markers of multiple hematopoietic-cell lineages in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 322:664–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Falini B, Mecucci C, Tiacci E, Alcalay M, Rosati R, Pasqualucci L, La Starza R, Diverio D, Colombo E, Santucci A, Bigerna B, Pacini R, Pucciarini A, Liso A, Vignetti M, Fazi P, Meani N, Pettirossi V, Saglio G, Mandelli F, Lo-Coco F, Pelicci PG, Martelli MF (2005) Cytoplasmic nucleophosmin in acute myelogenous leukemia with a normal karyotype. N Engl J Med 352:254–266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Falini B, Pileri S, De Solas I, Martelli MF, Mason DY, Delsol G, Gatter KC, Fagioli M (1990) Peripheral T-cell lymphoma associated with hemophagocytic syndrome. Blood 75:434–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Falini B, Tiacci E, Liso A, Basso K, Sabattini E, Pacini R, Foa R, Pulsoni A, Dalla Favera R, Pileri S (2004) Simple diagnostic assay for hairy cell leukaemia by immunocytochemical detection of annexin A1 (ANXA1). Lancet 363:1869–1870

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ferry JA, Yang WI, Zukerberg LR, Wotherspoon AC, Arnold A, Harris NL (1996) CD5+ extranodal marginal zone B-cell (MALT) lymphoma. A low grade neoplasm with a propensity for bone marrow involvement and relapse. Am J Clin Pathol 105:31–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Feugier P, De March AK, Lesesve JF, Monhoven N, Dorvaux V, Braun F, Gregoire MJ, Jonveaux P, Lederlin P, Bene MC, Labouyrie E (2004) Intravascular bone marrow accumulation in persistent polyclonal lymphocytosis: a misleading feature for B-cell neoplasm. Mod Pathol 17:1087–1096

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fonseca R, Blood EA, Oken MM, Kyle RA, Dewald GW, Bailey RJ, Van Wier SA, Henderson KJ, Hoyer JD, Harrington D, Kay NE, Van Ness B, Greipp PR (2002) Myeloma and the t(11;14)(q13;q32); evidence for a biologically defined unique subset of patients. Blood 99:3735–3741

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Foucar K (1995) Bone marrow pathology. ASCP, Chicago, p 320

    Google Scholar 

  55. Fraga M, Brousset P, Schlaifer D, Payen C, Robert A, Rubie H, Huguet-Rigal F, Delsol G (1995) Bone marrow involvement in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical detection of minimal disease and its prognostic significance. Am J Clin Pathol 103:82–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Franco V, Florena AM, Campesi G (1996) Intrasinusoidal bone marrow infiltration: a possible hallmark of splenic lymphoma. Histopathology 29:571–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Franco V, Florena AM, Iannitto E (2003) Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Blood 101:2464–2472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gallamini A, Stelitano C, Calvi R, Bellei M, Mattei D, Vitolo U, Morabito F, Martelli M, Brusamolino E, Iannitto E, Zaja F, Cortelazzo S, Rigacci L, Devizzi L, Todeschini G, Santini G, Brugiatelli M, Federico M (2004) Peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified (PTCL-U): a new prognostic model from a retrospective multicentric clinical study. Blood 103:2474–2479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Garand R, Duchayne E, Blanchard D, Robillard N, Kuhlein E, Fenneteau O, Salomon-Nguyen F, Grange MJ, Rousselot P, Demur C (1995) Minimally differentiated erythroleukaemia (AML M6 ‘variant’): a rare subset of AML distinct from AML M6. Groupe Francais d'Hematologie Cellulaire. Br J Haematol 90:868–875

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Gatter KC, Heryet A, Brown DC, Mason DY (1987) Is it necessary to embed bone marrow biopsies in plastic for haematological diagnosis? Histopathology 11:1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gaulard P, Kanavaros P, Farcet JP, Rocha FD, Haioun C, Divine M, Reyes F, Zafrani ES (1991) Bone marrow histologic and immunohistochemical findings in peripheral. T-cell lymphoma: a study of 38 cases. Hum Pathol 22:331–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ghani AM, Krause JR (1985) Bone marrow biopsy findings in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Br J Haematol 61:203–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Gisselbrecht C, Gaulard P, Lepage E, Coiffier B, Briere J, Haioun C, Cazals-Hatem D, Bosly A, Xerri L, Tilly H, Berger F, Bouhabdallah R, Diebold J (1998) Prognostic significance of T-cell phenotype in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA). Blood 92:76–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Greiner TC, Moynihan MJ, Chan WC, Lytle DM, Pedersen A, Anderson JR, Weisenburger DD (1996) p53 mutations in mantle cell lymphoma are associated with variant cytology and predict a poor prognosis. Blood 87:4302–4310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Grogan TM (2003) Plasma cell myeloma marrow diagnosis including morphologic and phenotypic features. Semin Diagn Pathol 20:211–225

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gronbaek K, Nedergaard T, Andersen MK, thor Straten P, Guldberg P, Moller P, Zeuthen J, Ebbe Hansen N, Hou-Jensen K, Ralfkiaer E (1998) Concurrent disruption of cell cycle associated genes in mantle cell lymphoma: a genotypic and phenotypic study of cyclin D1, p16, p15, p53 and pRb. Leukemia 12(8):1266–1271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hakimian D, Tallman MS, Kiley C, Peterson L (1993) Detection of minimal residual disease by immunostaining of bone marrow biopsies after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia. Blood 82:1798–1802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hammer RD, Glick AD, Greer JP, Collins RD, Cousar JB (1996) Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. A distinct B-cell neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 20(5):613–626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Harris NL, Bhan AK (1985) B-cell neoplasms of the lymphocytic, lymphoplasmacytoid, and plasma cell types: immunohistologic analysis and clinical correlation. Hum Pathol 16:829–837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, Banks PM, Chan JK, Cleary ML, Delsol G, De Wolf-Peeters C, Falini B, Gatter KC (1994) A revised European–American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 84:1361–1392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hedvat CV, Hegde A, Chaganti RS, Chen B, Qin J, Filippa DA, Nimer SD, Teruya-Feldstein J (2002) Application of tissue microarray technology to the study of non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hum Pathol 33(10):968–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Henrique R, Achten R, Maes B, Verhoef G, De Wolf-Peeters C (1999) Guidelines for subtyping small B-cell lymphomas in bone marrow biopsies. Virchows Arch 435:549–558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hernandez L, Fest T, Cazorla M, Teruya-Feldstein J, Bosch F, Peinado MA, Piris MA, Montserrat E, Cardesa A, Jaffe ES, Campo E, Raffeld M (1996) p53 gene mutations and protein overexpression are associated with aggressive variants of mantle cell lymphomas. Blood 87(8):3351–3359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hideshima T, Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM, Anderson KC (2004) Advances in biology of multiple myeloma: clinical applications. Blood 104:607–618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hirst WJ, Layton DM, Singh S, Mieli-Vergani G, Chessells JM, Strobel S, Pritchard J (1994) Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: experience at two UK centres. Br J Haematol 88:731–739

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Horny HP, Wehrmann M, Schlicker HU, Eichstaedt A, Clemens MR, Kaiserling E (1995) QBEND10 for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes in routinely processed bone marrow biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol 48:291–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Howell SJ, Grey M, Chang J, Morgenstern GR, Cowan RA, Deakin DP, Radford JA (2002) The value of bone marrow examination in the staging of Hodgkin's lymphoma: a review of 955 cases seen in a regional cancer centre. Br J Haematol 119:408–411

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hoyer JD, Li CY, Yam LT, Hanson CA, Kurtin PJ (1997) Immunohistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5 (tartrate-resistant) in paraffin sections of hairy cell leukemia and other hematologic disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 108:308–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Huss R, Moosmann S (2002) The co-expression of CD117 (c-kit) and osteocalcin in activated bone marrow stem cells in different diseases. Br J Haematol 118:305–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ioachim HL, Dorsett B, Cronin W, Maya M, Wahl S (1991) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphomas: clinical, pathologic, immunologic, and viral characteristics of 111 cases. Hum Pathol 22:659–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Jilani I, O'Brien S, Manshuri T, Thomas DA, Thomazy VA, Imam M, Naeem S, Verstovsek S, Kantarjian H, Giles F, Keating M, Albitar M (2003) Transient down-modulation of CD20 by rituximab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 102:3514–3520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Juneja SK, Wolf MM, Cooper IA (1990) Value of bilateral bone marrow biopsy specimens in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 43:630–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kent SA, Variakojis D, Peterson LC (2002) Comparative study of marginal zone lymphoma involving bone marrow. Am J Clin Pathol 117:698–708

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Khoury JD, Jones D, Yared MA, Manning JT Jr, Abruzzo LV, Hagemeister FB, Medeiros LJ (2004) Bone marrow involvement in patients with nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 28:489–495

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kremer M, Cabras AD, Fend F, Schulz S, Schwarz K, Hoefler H, Werner M (2000) PCR analysis of IgH-gene rearrangements in small lymphoid infiltrates microdissected from sections of paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens. Hum Pathol 31:847–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Kremer M, Dirnhofer S, Nickl A, Hoefler H, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F (2001) p27(Kip1) immunostaining for the differential diagnosis of small b-cell neoplasms in trephine bone marrow biopsies. Mod Pathol 14:1022–1029

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kremer M, Ott G, Nathrath M, Specht K, Stecker K, Alexiou C, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F (2005) Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma: phenotypic differences revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. J Pathol 205:92–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kremer M, Spitzer M, Mandl-Weber S, Stecker K, Schmidt B, Hofler H, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F (2003) Discordant bone marrow involvement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: comparative molecular analysis reveals a heterogeneous group of disorders. Lab Invest 83(1):107–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Krober SM, Greschniok A, Kaiserling E, Horny HP (2000) Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: correlation between morphological/immunohistochemical and molecular biological findings in bone marrow biopsy specimens. Mol Pathol 53:83–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kumar S, Green GA, Teruya-Feldstein J, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES (1996) Use of CD23 (BU38) on paraffin sections in the diagnosis of small lymphocytic lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. Mod Pathol 9:925–929

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Labouyrie E, Marit G, Vial JP, Lacombe F, Fialon P, Bernard P, de Mascarel A, Merlio JP (1997) Intrasinusoidal bone marrow involvement by splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: a helpful immunohistologic feature. Mod Pathol 10:1015–1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lai R, Weiss LM, Chang KL, Arber DA (1999) Frequency of CD43 expression in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A survey of 742 cases and further characterization of rare CD43+ follicular lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 111:488–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lamant L, Meggetto F, al Saati T, Brugieres L, de Paillerets BB, Dastugue N, Bernheim A, Rubie H, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Robert A, Rigal F, Schlaifer D, Shiuta M, Mori S, Delsol G (1996) High incidence of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and its lack of detection in Hodgkin's disease. Comparison of cytogenetic analysis, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, and P-80 immunostaining. Blood 87:284–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Liang R, Chan VV, Chan TK, Todd D, Ho F (1990) Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. Acta Haematol 84:19–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Lim EJ, Peh SC (2000) Bone marrow and peripheral blood changes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Singapore Med J 41:279–285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Liu Q, Ohshima K, Sumie A, Suzushima H, Iwasaki H, Kikuchi M (2001) Nasal CD56 positive small round cell tumors. Differential diagnosis of hematological, neurogenic, and myogenic neoplasms. Virchows Arch 438:271–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Liu W, Ittmann M, Liu J, Schoentag R, Tierno P, Greco MA, Sidhu G, Nierodzik M, Wieczorek R (1997) Human parvovirus B19 in bone marrows from adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a comparative study using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Hum Pathol 28:760–766

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Lloret E, Mollejo M, Mateo MS, Villuendas R, Algara P, Martinez P, Piris MA (1999) Splenic marginal zone lymphoma with increased number of blasts: an aggressive variant? Hum Pathol 30(10):1153–1160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Lopez-Guillermo A, Cid J, Salar A, Lopez A, Montalban C, Castrillo JM, Gonzalez M, Ribera JM, Brunet S, Garcia-Conde J, Fernandez de Sevilla A, Bosch F, Montserrat E (1998) Peripheral T-cell lymphomas: initial features, natural history, and prognostic factors in a series of 174 patients diagnosed according to the R.E.A.L. classification. Ann Oncol 9:849–855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Lucas DR, Bentley G, Dan ME, Tabaczka P, Poulik JM, Mott MP (2001) Ewing sarcoma vs lymphoblastic lymphoma. A comparative immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 115:11–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Lyman SD, Jacobsen SE (1998) c-kit ligand and Flt3 ligand: stem/progenitor cell factors with overlapping yet distinct activities. Blood 15:1101–1134

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mainou-Fowler T, Dignum HM, Proctor SJ, Summerfield GP (2004) The prognostic value of CD38 expression and its quantification in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Leuk Lymphoma 45:455–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Majlis A, Pugh WC, Rodriguez MA, Benedict WF, Cabanillas F (1997) Mantle cell lymphoma: correlation of clinical outcome and biologic features with three histologic variants. J Clin Oncol 15:1664–1671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Matolcsy A (1999) High-grade transformation of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: mechanisms of tumor progression. Leuk Lymphoma 34:251–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Matolcsy A, Schattner EJ, Knowles DM, Casali P (1999) Clonal evolution of B-cells in transformation from low- to high-grade lymphoma. Eur J Immunol 29:1253–1264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Milan L, Trachtenberg MC (1981) Ultrasonic decalcification of bone. Am J Surg Pathol 5:573–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Mitterer M, Oduncu F, Lanthaler AJ, Drexler E, Amaddii G, Fabris P, Emmerich B, Coser P, Straka C (1999) The relationship between monoclonal myeloma precursor B cells in the peripheral blood stem cell harvests and the clinical response of multiple myeloma patients. Br J Haematol 106:737–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Mollejo M, Menarguez J, Lloret E, Sanchez A, Campo E, Algara P, Cristobal E, Sanchez E, Piris MA (1995) Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: a distinctive type of low-grade B-cell lymphoma. A clinicopathological study of 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 19:1146–1157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Morabito F, Gallamini A, Stelitano C, Callea V, Guglielmi C, Neri S, Lazzaro A, Orsucci L, Ilariucci F, Sacchi S, Vitolo U, Federico M (2004) Clinical relevance of immunophenotype in a retrospective comparative study of 297 peripheral T-cell lymphomas, unspecified, and 496 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: experience of the Intergruppo Italiano Linformi. Cancer 101:1601–1608

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Morice WG, Kurtin PJ, Tefferi A, Hanson CA (2002) Distinct bone marrow findings in T-cell granular lymphocytic leukemia revealed by paraffin section immunoperoxidase stains for CD8, TIA-1, and granzyme B. Blood 99:268–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Morice WG, Rodriguez FJ, Hoyer JD, Kurtin PJ (2005) Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with distinctive patterns of splenic and bone marrow involvement: clinicopathologic features of two cases. Mod Pathol 18:495–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ogata K, Nakamura K, Yokose N, Tamura H, Tachibana M, Taniguchi O, Iwakiri R, Hayashi T, Sakamaki H, Murai Y, Tohyama K, Tomoyasu S, Nonaka Y, Mori M, Dan K, Yoshida Y (2002) Clinical significance of phenotypic features of blasts in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 100:3887–3896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Orazi A, Albitar M, Heerema NA, Haskins S, Neiman RS (1997) Hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes can be distinguished from acquired aplastic anemia by CD34 and PCNA immunostaining of bone marrow biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 107:268–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ott G, Kalla J, Hanke A, Muller JG, Rosenwald A, Katzenberger T, Kretschmar R, Kreipe H, Muller-Hermelink HK (1998) The cytomorphological spectrum of mantle cell lymphoma is reflected by distinct biological features. Leuk Lymphoma 32:55–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ott G, Ott MM, Kalla J, Helbing A, Schryen B, Katzenberger T, Bartek J, Durr A, Muller JG, Kreipe H, Muller-Hermelink HK (1997) Genetic lesions in mantle cell lymphoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 143:307–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Palacio C, Acebedo G, Navarrete M, Ruiz-Marcellan C, Sanchez C, Blanco A, Lopez A (2001) Flow cytometry in the bone marrow evaluation of follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Haematologica 86:934–940

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Perz J, Topaly J, Fruehauf S, Hensel M, Ho AD (2002) Level of CD 20-expression and efficacy of rituximab treatment in patients with resistant or relapsing B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 43:149–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Pileri SA, Ascani S, Milani M, Visani G, Piccioli M, Orcioni GF, Poggi S, Sabattini E, Santini D, Falini B (1999) Acute leukemia immunophenotyping in bone-marrow routine sections. Br J Haematol 105:394–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Pileri SA, Roncador G, Ceccarelli C, Piccioli M, Briskomatis A, Sabattini E, Ascani S, Santini D, Piccaluga PP, Leone O, Damiani S, Ercolessi C, Sandri F, Pieri F, Leoncini L, Falini B (1997) Antigen retrieval techniques in immunohistochemistry: comparison of different methods. J Pathol 183:116–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Pinotti G, Zucca E, Roggero E, Pascarella A, Bertoni F, Savio A, Savio E, Capella C, Pedrinis E, Saletti P, Morandi E, Santandrea G, Cavalli F (1997) Clinical features, treatment and outcome in a series of 93 patients with low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 26:527–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Pittaluga S, Verhoef G, Criel A, Maes A, Nuyts J, Boogaerts M, De Wolf Peeters C (1996) Prognostic significance of bone marrow trephine and peripheral blood smears in 55 patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 21:115–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Quintanilla-Martinez L, Kremer M, Specht K, Calzada-Wack J, Nathrath M, Schaich R, Hofler H, Fend F (2003) Analysis of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat 3) pathway in multiple myeloma: stat 3 activation and cyclin D1 dysregulation are mutually exclusive events. Am J Pathol 162:1449–1461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Quintanilla-Martínez L, Thieblemont C, Fend F, Kumar S, Pinyol M, Campo E, Jaffe ES, Raffeld M (1998) Mantle cell lymphomas lack expression of p27/kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Am J Pathol 153:175–182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Raderer M, Vorbeck F, Formanek M, Osterreicher C, Valencak J, Penz M, Kornek G, Hamilton G, Dragosics B, Chott A (2000) Importance of extensive staging in patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma. Br J Cancer 83(4):454–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Rizzatti EG, Garcia AB, Portieres FL, Silva DE, Martins SL, Falcao RP (2002) Expression of CD117 and CD11b in bone marrow can differentiate acute promyelocytic leukemia from recovering benign myeloid proliferation. Am J Clin Pathol 118:31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Robillard N, Avet-Loiseau H, Garand R, Moreau P, Pineau D, Rapp MJ, Harousseau JL, Bataille R (2003) CD20 is associated with a small mature plasma cell morphology and t(11;14) in multiple myeloma. Blood 102:1070–1071

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Rosso R, Neiman RS, Paulli M, Boveri E, Kindl S, Magrini U, Barosi G (1995) Splenic marginal zone cell lymphoma: report of an indolent variant without massive splenomegaly presumably representing an early phase of the disease. Hum Pathol 26:39–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ruchlemer R, Parry-Jones N, Brito-Babapulle V, Attolico I, Wotherspoon AC, Matutes E, Catovsky D (2004) B-prolymphocytic leukaemia with t(11;14) revisited: a splenomegalic form of mantle cell lymphoma evolving with leukaemia. Br J Haematol 125:330–336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Rudiger T, Gascoyne RD, Jaffe ES, de Jong D, Delabie J, De Wolf-Peeters C, Poppema S, Xerri L, Gisselbrecht C, Wiedenmann S, Muller-Hermelink HK (2002) Workshop on the relationship between nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma and T cell/histiocyte-rich B cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 13:44–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Salisbury JR, Deverell MH, Seaton JM, Cookson MJ (1997) Three-dimensional reconstruction of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in bone marrow trephines. J Pathol 181:451–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Salomon-Nguyen F, Valensi F, Troussard X, Flandrin G (1996) The value of the monoclonal antibody, DBA44, in the diagnosis of B-lymphoid disorders. Leuk Res 20:909–913

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Sanchez-Beato M, Saez AI, Martinez-Montero JC, Mateo MS, Sanchez-Verde L, Villuendas R, Piris MA (1997) Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 in lymphoid tissue: p27 kip1 expression is inversely proportional to the proliferative index. Am J Pathol 151:151–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Schaefer HE (1995) Histological processing of iliac crest biopsies based on decalcification and paraffin embedding with reference to osteolytic and hematologic diagnosis. Pathologe 16:11–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Schmid C, Isaacson PG (1992) Bone marrow trephine biopsy in lymphoproliferative disease. J Clin Pathol 45:745–750

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Schmid G, Isaacson PG (1992) Bone marrow trephine biopsy in lymphoproliferative disease. J Clin Pathol 45:745–750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Shanafelt TD, Geyer SM, Kay NE (2004) Prognosis at diagnosis: integrating molecular biologic insights into clinical practice for patients with CLL Blood 103:1202–1210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Shehata M, Schwarzmeier JD, Hilgarth M, Hubmann R, Duechler M, Gisslinger H (2004) TGF-beta1 induces bone marrow reticulin fibrosis in hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Invest 113:676–685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Sibaud V, Beylot-Barry M, Thiebaut R, Parrens M, Vergier B, Delaunay M, Beylot C, Chene G, Ferrer J, de Mascarel A, Dubus P, Merlio JP (2003) Bone marrow histopathologic and molecular staging in epidermotropic T-cell lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 119:414–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Sirohi B, Powles R (2004) Multiple myeloma. Lancet 363:875–887

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Soslow RA, Bhargava V, Warnke RA (1997) MIC2, TdT, bcl-2, and CD34 expression in paraffin-embedded high-grade lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukemia distinguishes between distinct clinicopathologic entities. Hum Pathol 28:1158–1165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sotlar K, Horny HP, Simonitsch I, Krokowski M, Aichberger KJ, Mayerhofer M, Printz D, Fritsch G, Valent P (2004) CD25 indicates the neoplastic phenotype of mast cells: a novel immunohistochemical marker for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis (SM) in routinely processed bone marrow biopsy specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 28:1319–1325

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Specht K, Haralambieva E, Bink K, Kremer M, Mandl-Weber S, Koch I, Tomer R, Hofler H, Schuuring E, Kluin PM, Fend F, Quintanilla-Martinez L (2004) Different mechanisms of cyclin D1 overexpression in multiple myeloma revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative analysis of mRNA levels. Blood 15:1120–1126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Stein H, Foss HD, Durkop H, Marafioti T, Delsol G, Pulford K, Pileri S, Falini B (2000) CD30(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a review of its histopathologic, genetic, and clinical features. Blood 96:3681–3695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Subira M, Domingo A, Santamaria A, Bordes R, Romagosa V, Soler J (1997) Bone marrow involvement in lymphoblastic lymphoma and small non-cleaved cell lymphoma: the role of trephine biopsy. Haematologica 82:594–595

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Sundeen JT, Longo DL, Jaffe ES (1992) CD5 expression in B-cell small lymphocytic malignancies. Correlations with clinical presentation and sites of disease. Am J Surg Pathol 16:130–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Swerdlow SH, Williams ME (2002) From centrocytic to mantle cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic and molecular review of 3 decades. Hum Pathol 33:7–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Taniguchi T, Endo H, Chikatsu N, Uchimaru K, Asano S, Fujita T, Nakahata T, Motukura T (1999) Expression of p21/cip1/waf1/sdi1 and p27/kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors during human hematopoiesis. Blood 93:4167–4178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Thaler J, Greil R, Dietze O, Huber H (1989) Immunohistology for quantification of normal bone marrow lymphocyte subsets. Br J Haematol 73:576–577

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Thieblemont C, Berger F, Dumontet C, Moullet I, Bouafia F, Felman P, Salles G, Coiffier B (2000) Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma is a disseminated disease in one third of 158 patients analyzed. Blood 95:802–806

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Thiele J, Langohr J, Skorupka M, Fischer R (1990) Reticulin fibre content of bone marrow infiltrates of malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-cell type, low malignancy)—a morphometric evaluation before and after therapy. Virchows Arch 417:485–492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Torlakovic E, Torlakovic G, Brunning RD (2002) Follicular pattern of bone marrow involvement by follicular lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 118:780–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Torlakovic E, Torlakovic G, Nguyen PL, Brunning RD, Delabie J (2002) The value of anti-pax-5 immunostaining in routinely fixed and paraffin-embedded sections: a novel pan pre-B and B-cell marker. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1343–1350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Toth B, Wehrmann M, Kaiserling E, Horny HP (1999) Immunophenotyping of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in routinely processed bone marrow biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol 52:688–692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Troussard X, Flandrin G (1996) Chronic B-cell lymphocytosis with binucleated lymphocytes (LWBL): a review of 38 cases. Leuk Lymphoma 20:275–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Troussard X, Valensi F, Duchayne E, Garand R, Felman P, Tulliez M, Henry-Amar M, Bryon PA, Flandrin G (1996) Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: clinical presentation, biology and prognostic factors in a series of 100 patients. Groupe Francais d'Hematologie Cellulaire (GFHC). Br J Haematol 93(3):731–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Tsirigotis P, Economopoulos T, Rontogianni D, Dervenoulas J, Papageorgiou E, Bollas G, Mantzios G, Kalantzis D, Koumarianou A, Raptis S (2001) T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma. Analysis of clinical features, response to treatment, survival and comparison with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oncology 61:257–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Tworek JA, Singleton TP, Schnitzer B, Hsi ED, Ross CW (1998) Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analysis of small lymphocytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and plasmacytoid small lymphocytic lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 110:582–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Undar L, Karpuzoglu G, Karadogan I, Gelen T, Artvinli M (1996) Tuberculosis-associated haemophagocytic syndrome: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Acta Haematol 96:73–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Valent P, Akin C, Sperr WR, Horny HP, Arock M, Lechner K, Bennett JM, Metcalfe DD (2003) Diagnosis and treatment of systemic mastocytosis: state of the art. Br J Haematol 122:695–717

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Valent P, Horny HP, Escribano L, Longley BJ, Li CY, Schwartz LB, Marone G, Nunez R, Akin C, Sotlar K, Sperr WR, Wolff K, Brunning RD, Parwaresch RM, Austen KF, Lennert K, Metcalfe DD, Vardiman JW, Bennett JM (2001) Diagnostic criteria and classification of mastocytosis: a consensus proposal. Leuk Res 25:603–625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Vardiman JW, Harris NL, Brunning RD (2002) The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the myeloid neoplasms. Blood 100:2292–2302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Vega F, Medeiros LJ, Bueso-Ramos C, Jones D, Lai R, Luthra R, Abruzzo LV (2001) Hepatosplenic gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma in bone marrow. A sinusoidal neoplasm with blastic cytologic features. Am J Clin Pathol 116(3):410–409

    Google Scholar 

  163. Went PT, Zimpfer A, Pehrs AC, Sabattini E, Pileri SA, Maurer R, Terracciano L, Tzankov A, Sauter G, Dirnhofer S (2005) High specificity of combined TRAP and DBA44 expression for hairy cell leukemia. Am J Surg Pathol 29:474–478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Westbrook CA, Groopman JE, Golde DW (1984) Hairy cell leukemia. Disease pattern and prognosis. Cancer 54:500–506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Wiestner A, Rosenwald A, Barry TS, Wright G, Davis RE, Henrickson SE, Zhao H, Ibbotson RE, Orchard JA, Davis Z, Stetler-Stevenson M, Raffeld M, Arthur DC, Marti GE, Wilson WH, Hamblin TJ, Oscier DG, Staudt LM (2003) ZAP-70 expression identifies a chronic lymphocytic leukemia subtype with unmutated immunoglobulin genes, inferior clinical outcome, and distinct gene expression profile. Blood 101:4944–4951

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Wilson CS, Butch AW, Lai R, Medeiros LJ, Sawyer JR, Barlogie B, McCourty A, Kelly K, Brynes RK (2001) Cyclin D1 and E2F-1 immunoreactivity in bone marrow biopsy specimens of multiple myeloma: relationship to proliferative activity, cytogenetic abnormalities and DNA ploidy. Br J Haematol 112:776–782

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Yamaguchi M, Seto M, Okamoto M, Ichinohasama R, Nakamura N, Yoshino T, Suzumiya J, Murase T, Miura I, Akasaka T, Tamaru J, Suzuki R, Kagami Y, Hirano M, Morishima Y, Ueda R, Shiku H, Nakamura S (2002) De novo CD5+diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 109 patients. Blood 99:815–821

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Zelenetz AD, Chen TT, Levy R (1991) Histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse lymphoma represents tumor progression by a single malignant cell. J Exp Med 173:197–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Zhang PJ, Barcos M, Stewart CC, Block AW, Sait S, Brooks JJ (2000) Immunoreactivity of MIC2 (CD99) in acute myelogenous leukemia and related diseases. Mod Pathol 13:452–458

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to Jaqueline Müller, Sandra Rath, Nadine Kink, Birgit Geist, and in particular, Carmen Hartmann for their excellent technical assistance. Supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), grant FE 597/1 to FF, L.Q.-M. and M.K.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany

    Marcus Kremer, Jörg Nährig & Falko Fend

  2. GSF Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Oberschleissheim, Germany

    Leticia Quintanilla-Martínez

  3. III Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany

    Christoph von Schilling

Authors
  1. Marcus Kremer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leticia Quintanilla-Martínez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jörg Nährig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christoph von Schilling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Falko Fend
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Falko Fend.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kremer, M., Quintanilla-Martínez, L., Nährig, J. et al. Immunohistochemistry in bone marrow pathology: a useful adjunct for morphologic diagnosis. Virchows Arch 447, 920–937 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-005-0070-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-005-0070-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation