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The influence of volcanic, solar and CO2 forcing on the temperatures in the Dalton Minimum (1790–1830): a model study

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Abstract

The Dalton Minimum (1790–1830) was a period with reduced solar irradiance and strong volcanic eruptions. Additionally, the atmospheric CO2 concentrations started to rise from the background level of previous centuries. In this period most empirical climate reconstructions indicate a minimum in global or hemispheric temperatures. Here, we analyse several simulations starting in 1755 with the coupled atmosphere-ocean model ECHO-G driven by different forcing combinations to investigate which external forcing could have contributed most strongly to the reduced temperatures during the Dalton Minimum. Results indicate that on global and hemispheric scales, the volcanic forcing is largely responsible for the temperature drop in this period, especially during its second half, whereas changes in solar forcing and the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations were of minor importance. At regional scales, especially the extratropical, the impact of volcanic forcing is much less discernible due to the large regional variability, a finding that agrees with empirical temperature reconstructions.

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Acknowledgements

Dennis Bray helped to improve the legibility of the manuscript. We also would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their very valuable comments. The simulations were carried out on a NEC SX-6 at the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ). This work is part of the EU project SO&P.

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  1. Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Center, Max-Planck-Str 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany

    Sebastian Wagner & Eduardo Zorita

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  1. Sebastian Wagner
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  2. Eduardo Zorita
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Correspondence to Sebastian Wagner.

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Wagner, S., Zorita, E. The influence of volcanic, solar and CO2 forcing on the temperatures in the Dalton Minimum (1790–1830): a model study. Clim Dyn 25, 205–218 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0029-0

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