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Childhood polycythemias/erythrocytoses: classification, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment

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Abstract

Polycythemias or erythrocytoses in childhood and adolescence are very rare. Systematic data on the clinical presentation and laboratory evaluations as well as on treatment regimens are sparse. The diagnostic program in absolute erythrocytosis includes extensive clinical, hematological, biochemical, and molecular biological examinations which should be applied following a stepwise algorithm. Absolute erythrocytoses are usually subdivided into primary and secondary forms. Primary erythrocytosis is a condition in which the erythropoietic compartment is expanding independently of extrinsic influences or by responding inadequately to them. Primary erythrocytoses include primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) due to mutations of the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor gene and the myeloproliferative disorder polycythemia vera. Secondary erythrocytoses are driven by hormonal factors (predominantly by Epo) extrinsic to the erythroid compartment. The increased Epo secretion may represent either a physiologic response to tissue hypoxia, an abnormal autonomous Epo production, or a dysregulation of the oxygen-dependent Epo synthesis. Congenital secondary erythrocytoses are caused, e.g., by hemoglobin variants with increased oxygen affinity, by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate deficiency, or by mutations in the von Hippel–Lindau gene associated with a disturbed oxygen-dependent regulation of Epo synthesis.

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Acknowledgements

I am deeply indebted to E. Kohne, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ulm, for long-standing support and advice. I am also very grateful to K. Schwarz, Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, and Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Ulm, for excellent collaboration.

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    H. Cario

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Cario, H. Childhood polycythemias/erythrocytoses: classification, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment. Ann Hematol 84, 137–145 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-004-0985-1

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