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Potential use of NOACs in developing countries: pros and cons

  • Review Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Although vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are effective for long-term thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation (AF), their limitations have led to widespread underutilisation, especially in the developing world. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have emerged as promising alternatives to VKAs, although there are some particular considerations and challenges to their introduction in developing countries. This review summarises the current state of antithrombotic management of AF in the developing world, explores the early evidence for the NOACs and describes some of the special considerations that must be taken into account when considering the role of the NOACs within developing countries’ health care systems.

Methods

A literature search was conducted via PubMed and Google Scholar to find articles published in English between the years 2000 to 2014. Search terms used were “atrial fibrillation”, “oral anticoagulants”, “warfarin”, “NOACs”, “dabigatran”, “rivaroxaban”, “apixaban”, “edoxaban”, “time in therapeutic range”, “International Normalized Ratio” “cost-effectiveness”, “stroke”, “adverse-drug reactions” and “drug–drug interactions”, together with the individual names of developing countries as listed by the World Bank. We reviewed the results of randomized clinical trials, relevant retrospective and prospective studies, case-studies and review articles.

Results

Many developing countries lack or have sporadic data on the quality of AF management, making it difficult to anticipate the potential impact of NOACs in these settings. The utilisation of anticoagulants for AF appears highly variable in developing countries. Given the issues associated with VKA therapy in many developing countries, NOACs offer some potential advantages; however, there is insufficient evidence to advocate the widespread replacement of warfarin at present. VKAs may continue to have a role in selected patients or countries, especially if alternative monitoring strategies can be utilised.

Conclusion

The evaluation of the introduction of NOACs should consider safety, budget concerns and the quality of oral anticoagulation care achieved by each country. Prospective registries will be important in developing countries to better elucidate the comparative safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of NOACs and VKAs as NOACs are introduced into practice.

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Contributions of Authors statement (with relevance to the ICMJE Guidelines)

DB: Contribution to interpretation of data, involvement in literature search, manuscript writing

LC: Contribution to manuscript drafting, critical revising and final approval of the version to be published

LB: Contribution to critical manuscript revising and final approval of the version to be published

GP: Contribution to the conception of the work, manuscript review and final approval of the version to be published

Conflict of interest

Leanne Chalmers, Luke Bereznicki and Gregory Peterson have received consultancy funding from Aspen Pharmacare Australia and Boehringer Ingelheim. Luke Bereznicki has also received consultancy funding from Roche Diagnostics Australia and Sanofi Aventis and speaker honorarium payments from Roche Diagnostics Australia and Boehringer Ingelheim.

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  1. Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

    Durga Bista, Leanne Chalmers, Luke Bereznicki & Gregory Peterson

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  1. Durga Bista
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  2. Leanne Chalmers
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Correspondence to Durga Bista.

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We declare that the work described has not been published before and that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else. Its publication has been approved by all co-authors. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.

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Bista, D., Chalmers, L., Bereznicki, L. et al. Potential use of NOACs in developing countries: pros and cons. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 70, 817–828 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-014-1693-y

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