Abstract
The cuticular surface of sexually mature females of the German cockroach contains a sex pheromone that, upon contact with the male’s antennae, elicits a characteristic species-specific courtship behavior. This female-specific pheromone is a blend of several long-chain methyl ketones, alcohols and aldehydes, all derived from prominent cuticular hydrocarbons found in all life stages of this cockroach. We found that contact with the antennae of 5 out of 20 assayed cockroach species elicited courtship behavior in German cockroach males. The heterospecific courtship-eliciting compounds were isolated by behaviorally guided fractionation of the active crude extracts and compared to the native sex pheromone components. We identified two active compounds from the cuticular extract of the Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis—11-methylheptacosan-2-one and 27-oxo-11-methylheptacosan-2-one; the former compound was confirmed by synthesis and proved to independently stimulate courtship in German cockroach males. These compounds share common features with, but are distinct from, any of the known contact sex pheromone components. This suggests that sex pheromone reception in the male German cockroach is unusually promiscuous, accepting a wide range of compounds that share certain features with its native pheromone, thus resulting in a broad spectrum of behavioral response to other species. We propose that several characteristics of their mating system—chiefly, absence of closely related species in the anthropogenic environment, resulting in relaxation of selection on sexual communication, and a highly male-biased operational sex ratio—have driven males to respond with extremely low thresholds to a wide spectrum of related compounds.
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Acknowledgements
We appreciate the help of Jinping Sun, Jeffrey Spontak, and Richard Santangelo in insect rearing and technical support. We thank Robert Anholt, Edward Vargo, and Charles Apperson for constructive comments on the manuscript and Cavell Brownie for assistance with statistical analysis. Mass spectra of synthetic intermediates were obtained by Matthew Lyndon at the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for Biotechnology. Partial funding for the facility was obtained from the North Carolina Biotechnology Center, North Carolina State University Department of Chemistry, and the National Science Foundation. This work was funded in part by the Blanton J. Whitmire Endowment at North Carolina State University.
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Eliyahu, D., Nojima, S., Capracotta, S.S. et al. Identification of cuticular lipids eliciting interspecific courtship in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica . Naturwissenschaften 95, 403–412 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-007-0339-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-007-0339-7