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Therapie und Prävention der Hyperthyreose

Therapy and prevention of hyperthyroidism

  • Schwerpunkt: Was ist gesichert in der Therapie?
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Zusammenfassung

TSH-Werte unterhalb des Referenzbereichs werden in Deutschland bei über 10% der Bevölkerung beobachtet. Nicht immer handelt es sich um therapiebedürftige Hyperthyreosen. Insbesondere bei älteren Patienten kann sich hierunter aber eine Schilddrüsenautonomie verbergen, die durch iatrogene Jodzufuhr zu schwer beherrschbaren Entgleisungen führen kann. Prophylaktisch und therapeutisch bietet sich neben den Thionamiden der Einsatz von Perchlorat an. Mittelfristig ist eine definitive Sanierung durch Operation oder Radiojodtherapie anzustreben. Bei jüngeren Patienten liegt der Hyperthyreose häufiger ein florider Morbus Basedow zugrunde. Zur medikamentösen Behandlung werden hier Thionamide eingesetzt, um zunächst eine Rekompensation und nach 12- bis 18-monatiger Therapie nach dem Niedrig-Dosis-Konzept eine Dauerremission zu erreichen. Gegenstand der klinischen Forschung ist die Charakterisierung von Risikofaktoren, die es erlauben, die Rezidivwahrscheinlichkeit schon frühzeitig abzuschätzen. Durch Studien bislang nicht abgesichert ist die z. T. schon weit verbreitete Selensubstitution mit dem Ziel, eine Verbesserung der antioxidativen Schutzsysteme zu erreichen.

Abstract

A decreased serum TSH level can be observed in more than 10% of the German population. Although treatment is not mandatory in each of these cases patients with an unrecognized autonomous thyroid dysfunction have a substantial risk of developing thyrotoxicosis when exposed to large amounts of iodine. Thionamid drugs in combination with potassium perchlorate are given for preventive and therapeutic reasons until definitive thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy is performed. In younger patients Graves’ disease is the main cause of hyperthyroidism. Medical treatment with antithyroid drugs is established to render patients euthyroid. Having decreased the dose as far as possible, drug therapy is continued for 12–18 months to achieve a maximum rate of permanent remission. Ongoing clinical research aims to characterize clinical or laboratory predictors associated with a high risk of relapse after medication is stopped. Selenium supplementation is proposed to be a new therapeutic approach for autoimmune thyroid disease. It is already used quite liberally although data of powerful randomized trials are not available.

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Woenckhaus, U., Girlich, C. Therapie und Prävention der Hyperthyreose. Internist 46, 1318–1323 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-005-1508-4

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