Skip to main content
Log in

Boundary-layer flow over topography: Impacts of the Askervein study

  • Published:
Boundary-Layer Meteorology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

One of the objectives of the Askervein Hill Project was to obtain a comprehensive and accurate dataset for verification of models of flow and turbulence over low hills. In the present paper, a retrospective of the 1982 and 1983 Askervein experiments is presented. The field study is described in brief and is related to similar studies conducted in the early 1980s. Data limitations are discussed and applications of numerical and wind-tunnel models to Askervein are outlined. Problems associated with model simulations are noted and model results are compared with the field measurements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ayotte, K. W., Xu, D., and Taylor, P. A.: 1994, ‘The Impact of Turbulence Closure Schemes on Predictions of the Mixed Spectral Finite-Difference Model for Flow Over Topography’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 68, 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beljaars, A. C. M. and Taylor, P. A.: 1989, ‘On the Inner-Layer Scale Height of Boundary-Layer Flow Over Low Hills’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 49, 433–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beljaars, A. C. M., Walmsley, J. L., and Taylor, P. A.: 1987, ‘A Mixed Spectral Finite-Difference Model for Neutrally Stratified Boundary-Layer Flow Over Roughness Changes and Topography’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 38, 273–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britter, R. E., Hunt, J. C. R., and Richards, K. J.: 1981, ‘Air Flow Over a Two-Dimensional Hill: Studies of Velocity Speed-Up, Roughness Effects and Turbulence’, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 107, 91–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claussen, M.: 1988, ‘On the Inner Layer Scale Height of Boundary Layer Flow Over Low Hills’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 44, 411–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppin, P. A.: 1982, ‘An Examination of Cup Anemometer Overspeeding’, Meteorol. Res. 35, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppin, P. A., Bradley, E. F., and Finnigan, J. J.: 1994, ‘Measurements of Flow Over an Elongated Ridge and its Thermal Stability Dependence: The Mean Field’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 69, 173–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong, W., Taylor, P. A., and Dornbrack, A.: 1996, ‘Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow Over Fixed, Aerodynamically Rough, 2D Sinusoidal Waves (Wind tunnel and LES Model Studies)’, J. Fluid Mech. (In press).

  • Jackson, P. S. and Hunt, J. C. R.: 1975, ‘Turbulent Windflow Over a Low Hill’, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 101, 929–955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, N. O., Petersen, E. L., and Troen, I.: 1984, ‘Extrapolation of Mean Wind Statistics with Special Regard to Wind Energy Applications’, Rep. WCP-86, World Meteorol. Organ., Geneva, 85 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J.: 1994, Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows — Their Structure and Measurement, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 289 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpik, S. R.: 1988, ‘An Improved Method for Integrating the Mixed Spectral Finite Difference (MSFD) Model Equations’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 273–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpik, S. R., Walmsley, J. L., and Weng, W.: 1995, ‘The Mixed Spectral Finite-Difference (MSFD) Model: Improved Upper Boundary Conditions’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 75, 353–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalas, D. P., Panagiotidis, T. C., and Tryfonopoulos, D. A.: 1995, ‘A Hybrid Micrositing Model for Wind Flow Simulations Over Complex Topographies’, in J. L. Tsipouridis (ed.), Proc., 5th European Wind Energy Assoc.Conf., 10–14 October 1994, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1, pp. 285–290.

  • Mason, P. J. and King, J. C.: 1985, ‘Measurements and Predictions of Flow and Turbulence Over an Isolated Hill of Moderate Slope’, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111, 617–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, P. J. and Sykes, R. I.: 1979, ‘Flow Over an Isolated Hill of Moderate Slope’. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 105, 383–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickle, R. E., Salmon, J. R., Taylor, P. A., Teunissen, H. W., and Walmsley, J. L.: 1981, ‘Boundary-Layer Flow Over Kettles Hill, Alberta’, in Proc., 5th Amer. Meteorol. Soc. Symp. on Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Pollution, Atlanta, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, pp. 228–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickle, R. E., Cook, N. J., Hoff, A. M., Jensen, N. O., Salmon, J. R., Taylor, P. A., Tetzlaff, G., and Teunissen, H. W.: 1988, ‘The Askervein Hill Project: Vertical Profiles of Wind and Turbulence’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 143–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, J. J.: 1970, ‘A Note on the Vertical Structure of the Eddy Exchange Coefficient in the Planetary Boundary Layer’, J. Atmos. Sci. 27, 1213–1215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panofsky, H. A. and Dutton, J. A.: 1984, Atmospheric Turbulence: Models and Methods for Engineering Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 397 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patankar, S. V.: 1980, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere Publ. Corp., New York, 197 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raithby, G. D., Stubley, G. D., and Taylor, P. A.: 1987, ‘Askervein Hill Project: A Finite Control Volume Prediction of Three-Dimensional Flows Over the Hill’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 39, 247–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, J. R., Bowen, A. J., Hoff, A. M., Johnson, R., Mickle, R. E., Taylor, P. A., Tetzlaff, G., and Walmsley, J. L.: 1988a, ‘The Askervein Hill Experiment: Mean Wind Variations at Fixed Heights Above the Ground’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 247–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, J. R., Teunissen, H. W., Mickle, R. E., and Taylor, P. A.: 1988b, ‘The Kettles Hill Project: Field Observations, Wind-Tunnel Simulations and Numerical Model Predictions for Flow Over a Low Hill’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 43, 309–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stock, D. E. and Bowen, A. J.: 1992, ‘Wind Tunnel Measurements of the Turbulence Structure of Wind Flow Over Askervein Hill’, in Proc., 10th Amer. Meteorol. Soc. Symp. on Turbulence and Diffusion, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, pp. J73-J75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. A. and Lee, R. J.: 1984, ‘Simple Guidelines for Estimating Windspeed Variations due to Small-Scale Topographic Features’, Climatol. Bull. 18(2), 3–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. A. and Teunissen, H. W.: 1983, ‘Askervein '82: Report on the September/October 1982 Experiment to Study Boundary-Layer Flow Over Askervein, South Uist’, Rep. MSRB-83–8, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. A. and Teunissen, H. W.: 1985, ‘The Askervein Hill Project: Report on the September/October 1983, Main Field Experiment’, Rep. MSRB-84–6, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 48 pp. plus tables and figures.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. A. and Teunissen, H. W.: 1987, ‘Askervein Hill Project: Overview and Background Data’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 39, 15–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. A., Mason, P. J., and Bradley, E. F.: 1987, ‘Boundary-Layer Flow Over Low Hills’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 39, 107–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. A., Xu, D., Gong, W., and Ayotte, K. W.: 1995, ‘Modelling Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow over 2D Sinusoidal Waves’, in Proc., Internat. Symp. on the Air-Sea Interface, Marseilles, Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tetzlaff, G.: 1983, ‘Untersuchung zur Beschreibung des Windfeldes an Hugeln (Investigation for describing the wind field on hills)’, Ann. Meteorol. 20, 43–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teunissen, H. W.: 1983, ‘Wind-Tunnel and Full-Scale Comparisons of Mean Wind Flow Over an Isolated Low Hill’, J. Wind Engin. Indust. Aerodyn. 15, 271–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teunissen, H. W., Shokr, M. E., Bowen, A. J., Wood, C. J., and Green, D. W. R.: 1987, ‘Askervein Hill Project: Wind-Tunnel Simulations at Three Length Scales’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 40, 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, J. L.: 1988, ‘On Theoretical Wind Speed and Temperature Profiles Over the Sea with Applications to Data from Sable Island, Nova Scotia’, ATMOS.-OCEAN 26, 203–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, J. L. and Padro, J.: 1990, ‘Shear Stress Results from a Mixed Spectral Finite-Difference Model: Application to the Askervein Hill Project Data’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 51, 169–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, J. L. and Salmon, J. R.: 1985, ‘A Boundary-Layer Model for Wind Flow Over Hills: Comparison of Model Results with Askervein 1983 Data’, in Proc., European Wind Energy Assoc. Conf., October 1984, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 81–90.

  • Walmsley, J. L., Salmon, J. R., and Taylor, P. A.: 1982, ‘On the Application of a Model of Boundary-Layer Flow Over Low Hills to Real Terrain’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 23, 17–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, J. L., Taylor, P. A., and Salmon, J. R.: 1989, ‘Simple Guidelines for Estimating Wind Speed Variations Due to Small-Scale Topographic Features — An Update’, Climatol. Bull. 23(1), 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, J. L., Troen, I., Lalas, D. P., and Mason, P. J.: 1990a, ‘Surface-Layer Flow in Complex Terrain: Comparison of Models and Full-Scale Observations’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 52, 259–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, J. L., Woolridge, D., and Salmon, J. R.: 1990b, ‘MS-Micro/3 User's Guide’, Rep. ARD-90–008, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 88 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walmsley, J. L., Weng, W., Karpik, S. R., Xu, D., and Taylor, P. A.: 1994, Applications of the Mixed Spectral Finite-Difference (MSFD) Model and its Nonlinear Extension (NLMSFD) to Wind Flow over Blashaval Hill, in S.-E. Gryning and M. M. Millan (eds.), Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, 10, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 263–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weng, W, Walmsley, J. L., Karpik, S. R., Xu, D., Taylor, P. A., Ayotte, K., and Salmon, J. R.: 1995, ‘Applications of the MSFD and NLMSFD Models to Airflow Over Askervein Hill’, in J. L. Tsipouridis (ed.), Proc., 5th European Wind Energy Assoc. Conf., 10–14 October 1994, Thessaloniki, Greece, 3, pp. 79–84.

  • Xu, D. and Taylor, P. A.: 1992, ‘A Non-Linear Extension of the Mixed Spectral Finite Difference Model for Neutrally Stratified Boundary-Layer Flow Over Topography’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 59, 177–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, D. and Taylor, P. A.: 1995, ‘A Note on the Constants Used in E-ε-Τ Turbulence Closure’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 72, 205–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, D., Ayotte, K. W., and Taylor, P. A.: 1994, ‘Development of a Non-Linear Mixed Spectral Finite Difference Model for Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow Over Topography’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 70, 341–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeman, O. and Jensen, N. O.: 1985, ‘Response of the Reynolds Stress Tensor to the Mean Flow Distortion Over a Two-Dimensional Hill’, in Proc., 7th Amer. Meteorol. Soc. Symp. on Turbulence and Diffusion, November 1985, Boulder CO, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, pp. 292–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeman, O. and Jensen, N. O.: 1987, ‘Modification of Turbulence Characteristics in Flow Over Hills’, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 113, 55–80.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Walmsley, J.L., Taylor, P.A. Boundary-layer flow over topography: Impacts of the Askervein study. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 78, 291–320 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120939

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120939

Keywords

Navigation